第一人称视角的困境与转向——围绕康德与海德格尔的思考  

The Predicament and Shift of the First-Person Perspective—Reflections on Kant and Heidegger

作　　者：张志伟[1] Zhang Zhiwei

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2025年第3期167-183,208,共18页Social Sciences in China

摘　　要：哲学在诞生之初与科学是一回事,以思想与存在的同一性作为基础和出发点。17世纪科学革命之后,哲学陷入危机,笛卡尔以“我思”凸显了第一人称视角的困境,引发了二元论的难题。康德试图彻底贯彻主体性原则,悬搁事物自身,以先天认识形式来“打通”心灵与世界,强化了第一人称视角的客观性。海德格尔则从复数的第一人称视角转向了单数的第一人称视角,从“知”转向了“行”,将存在从思想的对象“落实在”此在这一个体存在物的生存活动之中。科学的发展和进步依赖于清除主观性的因素,完全从第三人称视角客观地认识世界,然而我们始终面临着认识乃至人类所有活动的出发点和基础的问题。In its inception,philosophy was indistinguishable from science,as both were grounded in the unity of thought and existence.The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century precipitated a crisis in philosophy,with Descartes' "Cogito" bringing the predicament of the first-person perspective into sharp relief and giving rise to the problem of dualism.Kant sought to fully realize the principle of subjectivity by suspending the thing-in-itself and bridging the gap between the mind and the world through a priori forms of knowledge,reinforcing the objectivity of the first-person perspective.Heidegger,in contrast,shifted from the plural to the singular first-person perspective,moving from "knowing" to "acting," anchoring existence not as an object of thought but within the lived engagement of the individual Dasein.While scientific progress relies on eliminating subjective factors to understand the world purely from a third-person perspective,we are continually confronted with the fundamental question of the starting point and foundation of knowledge and,indeed,all human endeavor.

关 键 词：第一人称视角 第三人称视角 康德 海德格尔 认识的可能性 

分 类 号：B516.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]