行政赔偿判决的类型化构造  

Typological Construction of Administrative Compensation Judgment

作　　者：蒋成旭 Jiang Chengxu

机构地区：[1]浙江大学立法研究院

出　　处：《法学》2025年第3期60-75,共16页Law Science

基　　金：国家社科青年课题“行政赔偿纠纷实质化解的理论与制度完善研究”(20CFX024)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着行政赔偿决定本身成为行政赔偿诉讼的起诉和审查对象,行政赔偿判决也由原先的单一类型转变为三种基本形式:实体性行政赔偿判决、程序性行政赔偿判决和中间判决。这一转变不是制度上的倒退,而是适应我国特殊行政赔偿制度的必要调整。转变的制度原因是行政赔偿决定成为了一个可单独审查的行政行为,现实原因是《国家赔偿法》所提供的救济能力有限,对原告损失的填平补齐在很多情况下依赖于行政赔偿决定。行政赔偿判决具有自身的特殊性,适用规则不能直接套用行政诉讼的已有判决类型。一方面,行政赔偿诉讼作为一种典型的主观诉讼,判决的选择需要尽可能回应原告的诉讼请求;另一方面,法院原则上应当作出具有给付内容的实体性判决,但当原告损失的填补依赖于赔偿义务机关的首次判断权时,也可以作出程序性行政赔偿判决或中间判决。将程序性行政赔偿判决的适用限制在最小必要范围,能够避免赔偿事项在法院和赔偿义务机关之间的反复推诿和程序空转。As the administrative compensation decision itself has become a subject of complaint and judicial review in administrative compensation litigation, the administrative compensation judgment has been transformed from its original single type into three distinctive basic types: substantive administrative compensation judgment, procedural administrative compensation judgment and interlocutory judgment. This transformation is not a regression, but a necessary adjustment to adapt to the special administrative compensation system in China. The direct cause of the shift is the increase in the number of mixed cases of compensation and indemnification, and the root cause is the limited remedial capacity provided by the State Compensation Law. Administrative compensation judgments has its own specificity and cannot directly apply the rules applicable to administrative litigation judgments. On the one hand, as a typical subjective litigation, administrative compensation judgments need to respond to the plaintiff's litigation request as much as possible;on the other hand, the court in principle should make a substantive judgment with the content of payment, but when the filling of the plaintiff's loss relies on the right of the first judgment of the compensation-obligated organ, it can also make a procedural administrative compensation judgment or interlocutory judgment. By constructing the types of administrative compensation judgments and the rules for their application, and limiting the application of procedural administrative compensation judgments to the minimum necessary, it is possible to avoid the repeated shifting of responsibilities and procedural idleness of compensation matters between the court and the compensation-obligated organ.

关 键 词：行政赔偿决定 行政赔偿判决类型 行政诉讼 首次判断权 

分 类 号：D925.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]