论民事法律上证明减轻制度及其理论基础  

On the System of Reducing the Burden of Proof in Civil Law and Its Theoretical Basis

作　　者：熊德中[1] XIONG Dezhong

机构地区：[1]烟台大学法学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2025年第2期135-147,共13页Journal Of CUPL

摘　　要：为了避免民事纠纷因证明困难而陷入真伪不明,德国法在以证明责任为基础的诉讼证明框架下进行实体、程序以及判例法层面证明减轻,法官根据临时心证进行主观证明责任转移。反观我国仅在民事程序法层面借鉴了德国证明责任分配原则、塑造了诉讼证明制度,既未能厘清诸如法律推定、证明妨碍、表见证明、证明标准降低等概念本质,也不能把这些证明减轻方法与实体法要件、事由充分协同、融合起来并限定在证据评价领域。司法实务上又过度依赖证明标准,把最终裁判证明标准之高度盖然性“法定化”,迫使法官对动态的主观证明责任以临时心证之“初步证明”调整。未来,我国仍应以德国法为鉴,在实体与程序法协同下把证明减轻限定在证据评价领域,以内心确信为证明标准,无需把主观证明责任置于客观证明责任分配之外寻求证明减轻的依据。In order to avoid civil disputes falling into the unclear facts due to the difficulty of proof,German law reduces the burden of proof at the substantive,procedural and case law levels under the framework of litigation proof based on the burden of proof,and judges transfer the subjective burden of proof according to the preliminary conviction.China’s civil procedure law only draws lessons from the principle of allocation of burden of proof in Germany and shapes the system of litigation proof.It neither clarifies the essence of concepts such as legal presumption,obstruction of proof,apparent proof and reduction of proof standard,nor fully coordinates and integrates these methods of proof reduction with the elements and causes of substantive law,and limits them to the field of evidence evaluation.The judicial practice is overly dependent on the standard of proof.The final judgment of the standard of proof about the high probability is legalized,forcing the judge to adjust the dynamic subjective burden of proof according to the prima facies evidence of preliminary conviction.In the future,China should take German law as a mirror,limit the reduction of proof in the field of evidence evaluation under the coordination of substantive and procedural law,and take inner conviction as the standard of proof.There is no need to seek the basis for the reduction of proof by placing the subjective burden of proof outside the objective burden of proof.

关 键 词：证明减轻 客观证明责任 主观证明责任 临时心证 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学]