刑事缺席审判制度的异议救济模式及其转变  

The Objection Relief Mechanism in Criminal Trials in Absentia:Models and Transformations

作　　者：李清龙 LI Qinglong(Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学,武汉430073

出　　处：《西南政法大学学报》2025年第2期88-103,共16页Journal of Southwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“中国式刑事诉讼法治现代化的实现模式研究”(24BFX133)。

摘　　要：2018年修正后的《刑事诉讼法》在确立缺席审判制度的同时,为对被追诉人的缺席审判进行“补偿”,规定了在裁判生效后、交付执行刑罚前,被追诉人到案并提出异议的,人民法院应当对案件进行“重新审理”。该规定创造了一种针对刑事裁判的新救济方式,即“异议救济”。当前的“异议救济”属于“非限制型异议救济”模式,这既是基于反腐败政策目标导向下的规范因应,也是改善刑事诉讼结构失衡状态的必要之举。但在权力控制功能的发挥、救济体系的稳定,以及法规范的和平性实现等方面,“非限制型异议救济”具有明显的制度性风险。未来,应实现从“非限制型异议救济”到“限制型异议救济”的转向,构建起专门针对异议权的司法审查制度,根据不同的异议形态确定不同的审查路径和程序类型,推动“异议前置”条件的理性实现,同时,优化“异议救济”程序与再审的体系关系,并完善相关配套制度。The 2018 amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law of China,while establishing the criminal trial in absentia system,introduced a“compensatory mechanism”for the accused.It stipulates that if the prosecuted individual appears and raises an objection after the judgment has taken effect but before the execution of the sentence,the court shall conduct a“retrial”of the case.This provision creates a novel form of legal relief—“objection relief”.The current model of“objection relief”falls under the category of“unrestricted objection relief”,which serves both as a normative response to anti-corruption policy imperatives and as a necessary adjustment to the structural imbalance in criminal procedure.However,in terms of power control,systemic stability,and the peaceful implementation of legal norms,the“unrestricted objection relief”model presents significant institutional risks.Looking ahead,a transition from“unrestricted objection relief”to“restricted objection relief”is necessary.This transformation requires the establishment of a judicial review mechanism specifically for objections,differentiation of procedural paths based on the nature of objections,and the rational implementation of pre-objection conditions.Furthermore,the relationship between the“objection relief”mechanism and the retrial system should be optimized,with complementary institutional safeguards put in place.

关 键 词：刑事诉讼 缺席审判 非限制型异议救济 限制型异议救济 既判力 

分 类 号：DF73[政治法律—诉讼法学]