再论道家与佛教的圆教之比较  

Revisiting the Comparison of Perfect Teaching(Yuanjiao)in Daoism and Buddhism

作　　者：杨祖汉 YANG Zuhan(Soochow University,Taipei 100006,China;Institute of Philosophy,Taiwan“Central University”,Taoyuan 320317,China)

机构地区：[1]台湾东吴大学,中国台湾台北100006 [2]台湾“中央大学”哲学研究所,中国台湾桃园320317

出　　处：《杭州师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期1-9,共9页Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：天台佛教与郭象《庄子注》中圆教思想的比较,已初见于去年发表的《道家与佛教的圆教之比较》一文,现顺着该文的主旨略作补充,并从两个方面表达一些新的体会:第一,从玄学家强调的愈能体现无为,就愈能无不为,比较天台宗从空义而兴大悲的说法,借此说明释迦的感苦而生救度众生的大悲,是通过对于空义的恰当了解作为基础的。证空的智慧及由证空而希望达成的解脱,会使苦感从一般个人的现实层次的有限感受,进而为宇宙性的、以救度众生作为成佛条件的普遍悲情,即大悲心。体法空的智慧与感受烦恼的痛苦而来的悲心,是相持而共长的关系。第二,郭象《庄子注》中,对于表面是需要去掉的多余的存在,如《骈拇》中所说的,也可以成就而不必放弃。这即是说对恶法、虚妄法,都可以作出保留甚至成就。虽然在保留中就会有转化的作用,但也的确表达了如天台宗所说的“佛性具恶法门”之意。A preliminary comparison of the perfect teaching(Yuanjiao)between Tiantai Buddhism and Guo Xiang's Commentary on Zhuangzi was presented in last year's article“A Comparison of Perfect Teaching in Daoism and Buddhism”.Based upon its main arguments,this paper aims to offer further elaboration and new insights from two perspectives:First,drawing upon the Neo-Daoism(Xuanxue)emphasis that“the more one embodies non-action(wuwei),the more one achieves omnipotent action(wubuwei)”,the paper compares Tiantai Buddhism's notion of great compassion(dabei)arising from the understanding of emptiness(kong).It argues that Sakyamuni's great compassion—his empathetic response to suffering and his vow to liberate all sentient beings—is grounded in a proper realization of emptiness.The wisdom of realizing emptiness and the liberation it seeks to attain transform suffering from a limited,personal experience into a universal,cosmic sorrow,where the salvation of all beings becomes the very condition for Buddhahood.Thus,the wisdom of realizing the emptiness of dharmas(tifakong)and the compassion born from the pain of afflictions mutually reinforce and grow together.Second,in Guo Xiang's Commentary on Zhuangzi,even seemingly redundant or excessive elements—such as those criticized in the Pianmu—need not be discarded but can instead be fulfilled.This implies that even“negative dharmas and deluded phenomena”can be retained and even perfected.While their retention inherently entails transformation,this perspective strikingly parallels the Tiantai doctrine of“Buddha-nature encompassing negative dharmas”.

关 键 词：道家 佛教 圆教 天台宗 郭象 

分 类 号：B94[哲学宗教—宗教学] B95