我国轻微犯罪记录封存制度的构建  

The Construction of China's Criminal Record Sealing System

作　　者：刘小庆 LIU Xiao-qing(School of Discipline Inspection and Supervision,Sichuan Normal University,Chengdu Sichuan 610000,China)

机构地区：[1]四川师范大学纪检监察学院,四川成都610000

出　　处：《内蒙古社会科学》2025年第3期130-138,共9页Inner Mongolia Social Sciences

基　　金：四川省哲学社会科学重点研究基地纪检监察研究中心项目“贿赂犯罪的证明困境及其出路”(编号:SCJ220306)。

摘　　要：轻微犯罪记录封存制度的构建有助于降低前科人员再犯率、帮助被害人回归正常社会生活、避免涉案人员的近亲属受到牵连,但相关制度的缺失导致犯罪记录可以在各部门间任意共享,且容易被社会大众知晓,当事人的犯罪记录被泄露后也无法获得有效救济。因此,我国应当构建“实体+程序+配套”三位一体式的轻微犯罪记录封存制度。具体而言,判处3年以下有期徒刑的轻罪记录可被酌情封存,危害国家安全、国防利益、严重危害公共与人身安全以及贪污贿赂等重罪记录应被禁止封存,无罪案件的追诉记录应当被依职权直接封存。在此基础上,建立人民法院依职权和犯罪者依申请双轨并行的记录封存启动模式,同时,根据轻微犯罪者的刑罚不同设置犯罪记录封存考验期以及免除轻微犯罪记录已封存当事人的报告义务。最后,应当限制犯罪记录的“非必要”查询,建构犯罪记录当事人的救济机制,并细化违规披露犯罪记录追责条款。The construction of the criminal record sealing system can help reduce the recidivism rate of individuals with criminal records,assist victims in returning to normal social life,and prevent close relatives of those involved from being implicated.The overall lack of relevant systems has led to the arbitrary sharing of criminal records among various departments,making them easily known to all sectors of society.After the leakage of criminal records,the parties involved cannot obtain effective remedies.To this end,China should construct a comprehensive criminal record sealing system that integrates entity+program+supporting elements.Specifically,records of minor offenses sentenced to less than three years of imprisonment may be sealed at discretion,while records of serious offenses such as endangering national security,defense interests,seriously endangering public and personal safety,and corruption and bribery should be prohibited from being sealed.The prosecution records of innocent cases should be directly sealed according to their authority.Furthermore,establish a dual track start-up model where the people's court exercises its authority and the offender applies,while setting a reasonable trial period for the sealing of criminal records based on the offender's punishment,and exempting parties whose criminal records have been sealed from reporting obligations.In addition,non-essential access to criminal records should be strictly restricted,and personal information should be included in the scope of criminal justice protection.Finally,it is necessary to restrict the unnecessary inquiries into criminal records,construct the relief mechanism for the parties involved in criminal records,and the accountability clauses for the illegal disclosure of criminal records.

关 键 词：犯罪记录 轻微犯罪记录封存制度 轻罪治理 个人信息 前科人员 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]