社会感知中的偏见如何可能?  

How Is Bias in Social Perception Possible?

作　　者：何静[1] HE Jing

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学分析》2025年第2期69-79,197,198,共13页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：国家社科基金“预测心智视野下的群体智能研究”(项目编号:22BZX040);国家社科重大项目“马克思主义认识论与认知科学范式的相关性研究”(项目编号:22&ZD034)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：从词源上说,偏见意味着依据先例作出判断。但在今天,偏见更多的是一个带有贬义色彩的词。它意味着个体未经仔细审查就作出无根据的预先判断。过去的三十年间,越来越多的研究者关注到“偏见”深刻地影响个体对他人的感知和理解。这一发现往往被解释为“认知偏差”,研究者们大多强调个体应当有意识地拒绝对他人的偏见,力求对他人作出公平的判断。本文试图表明,偏见作为先入为主的判断,是由“预测加工”的大脑机制决定的。从神经生物学上说,偏见是特定的文化在个体大脑中留下的烙印。在此意义上,要更好地理解偏见,不应当仅关注大脑的工作机制,而还应当关注更广泛的社会文化对个体先验知识的深刻影响。Etymologically,bias means making judgments based on precedent.But today,bias is more of a negative term.It means that individuals make unwarranted prejudgments without scrutiny.Over the past three decades,a growing number of researchers have shown that bias profoundly affects an individual’s perception and understanding of others.This phenomenon is often interpreted as“cognitive bias”,and most researchers emphasize that individuals should reject bias toward others and strive to make fair judgments of others.This paper attempts to indicate that bias,as a preconceived judgment,is determined by the predictive processing of human brain.Neurobiologically,bias is the imprint of a particular culture on an individual’s brain.In this sense,to better understand bias,we should not only focus on individual cognitive bias,but also on the profound influence of culture on individual prior knowledge.

关 键 词：社会感知 偏见 联想 预测加工 先验知识 

分 类 号：B80[哲学宗教—思维科学]