宅基地资格权的演进路径、制度逻辑及改革方向  

The Evolutionary Paths,Institutional Logic,and Reform Direction of the Rural Homestead Qualification Rights

作　　者：张宽 刘进[1,2] 许庆 Zhang Kuan;Liu Jin;Xu Qing(Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学财经研究所,上海200433 [2]上海财经大学城乡发展研究院,上海200433

出　　处：《江西财经大学学报》2025年第2期73-84,共12页Journal of Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金哲学社会科学领军人才项目“农地确权对粮食全要素生产率的影响研究”(24VRC073);国家社会科学基金重点项目“深化农村集体产权制度改革研究”(20AZD046);国家自然科学基金项目“农村人口变迁背景下农村土地配置优化和利用效率提升研究”(72442022);上海财经大学创新团队支持计划“稳步推进农村集体产权制度改革角度下农民获得更多土地财产权益的体制及机制创新研究”(2018110693)。

摘　　要：明晰资格权的性质和功能是宅基地“三权分置”改革的关键。宅基地制度的演进历程显示,资格权的功能在界定宅基地所有权和使用权之间摇摆,且认定主体在国家和集体之间徘徊。从产权经济学理论框架看,资格权的本质是取得宅基地产权的“资格凭证”,其制度演进是国家不断行使剩余控制权、限定宅基地的土地发展权的结果。推进宅基地“三权分置”改革、有效盘活闲置宅基地资源,需要关注资格权改革,限制国家对土地剩余控制权的行使范围。未来改革措施聚焦利用规划权界定土地发展权、以正式制度确立资格权的认定主体、强化集体的土地所有权、明确宅基地资格权的法律地位。Clarifying the nature and function of qualification rights is the key to the“separation of three rights”reform of homestead land.The evolution of the rural homestead system shows that the function of qualification rights fluctuates between delineating rural homestead ownership and usage rights,and the subject also fluctuates between the state and the collective.From the theoretical framework of property rights economics,the essence of qualification rights is the“qualification certificates”for obtaining rural homestead property rights,and its institutional evolution is the result of the state's continuous exercise of residual control rights and the limitation of land development rights over homesteads.To promote the reform of the“Three Rights Separation”of homesteads and revitalize idle homestead resources,it is necessary to pay attention to the reform of qualification rights and limit the scope of the state's exercise of residual control over land.The future reform measures should focus on using planning rights to define land development rights,establish the subject of qualification rights through formal systems,strengthen collective land ownership,and clarify the legal status of homestead qualification rights.

关 键 词：宅基地资格权 剩余控制权 资格凭证 土地发展权 

分 类 号：F301[经济管理—产业经济]