小胶质细胞外泌体对中枢神经系统损伤的保护作用  

The Neuroprotective Effects of Microglial Exosomes on Central Nervous System Injury

作　　者：安阳 苏刚[2] 陈玮 朱龙妮 张振昶[1] AN Yang;SU Gang;CHEN Wei;ZHU Longni;ZHANG Zhenchang(Department of Neurology,Lanzhou University Second Hospital,Lanzhou 730030,China;Institute of Genetics,School of Basic Medical Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730030,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学第二医院神经内科,兰州730030 [2]兰州大学基础医学院遗传学研究所,兰州730030

出　　处：《中国细胞生物学学报》2025年第4期927-934,共8页Chinese Journal of Cell Biology

基　　金：甘肃省卫生行业科技创新重大科研项目(批准号:GSWSZD2024-15);甘肃省卫生行业科研计划(批准号:GSWSKY2021-017);兰州大学第二医院“萃英科技创新”计划(批准号:CY2021-MS-B01、CY2023-QN-B16);兰州大学医学科研创新能力提升项目(定向探索项目)(批准号:lzuyxcx-2022-195);兰州大学第二医院院士专家工作站(王陇德院士)资助的课题。

摘　　要：中枢神经系统损伤包括脑卒中、脊髓损伤、创伤性脑损伤、脑肿瘤、退行性疾病等,是全球健康领域的一项重大挑战。小胶质细胞是大脑中的主要免疫细胞,能够快速响应中枢神经系统损伤引起的病理生理变化,在中枢神经系统疾病中扮演着复杂而关键的角色。研究表明,小胶质细胞可通过多种机制调控神经系统疾病的病理进程,其外泌体介导的神经保护机制已成为干预神经系统疾病的重要研究方向。近年研究证实,小胶质细胞释放的外泌体通过其携带的生物信号分子(核酸、蛋白质等),在神经系统中发挥着多方面的积极作用。它们不仅能够显著抑制神经元程序性死亡并调控神经炎症反应;同时,还能抑制星形胶质细胞的过度活化及胶质瘢痕形成,并促进神经突触重塑和轴突再生,为神经组织的修复创造有利条件;此外,外泌体还能通过促进血脑屏障结构重塑,维持神经微环境的稳定。上述多效性作用共同构成了神经保护的重要分子网络,显著改善了多种神经系统疾病的病理进程和临床预后,展现出了重要的治疗潜力。该综述系统阐述了小胶质细胞源性外泌体在中枢神经系统疾病中的最新研究进展,深入探讨了其分子作用机制,为开发基于外泌体的靶向治疗策略提供了新的理论依据和研究思路。Central nervous system injuries,encompassing stroke,spinal cord injury,traumatic brain injury,brain tumors,and neurodegenerative diseases,constitute a significant global health challenge.As the primary im-mune cells in the brain,microglia rapidly respond to pathophysiological alterations induced by central nervous sys-tem injuries,playing a complex yet pivotal role in neurological disorders.Research indicates that microglia regulate pathological progression of neurological diseases through multiple mechanisms,among which exosome-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms have emerged as a crucial research direction for therapeutic interventions.Recent studies have demonstrated that microglia-derived exosomes exert multifaceted neuroprotective effects through their bioactive molecular cargo(nucleic acids,proteins,etc.).These vesicles not only effectively suppress neuronal programmed death and modulate neuroinflammatory responses,but also inhibit astrocyte overactivation and glial scar formation,while promoting synaptic remodeling and axonal regeneration,thereby creating a favorable microenvironment for neural repair.Furthermore,exosomes contribute to the maintenance of neural homeostasis by facilitating blood-brain barrier structural remodeling.These pleiotropic effects collectively form a critical molecular network underlying neuroprotection,significantly ameliorating pathological progression and clinical outcomes in various neurological disorders,and demonstrating significant therapeutic potential.This review systematically elaborates recent advances in microglial exosome research within central nervous system diseases,comprehensively analyzes their molecular mechanisms,and provides novel theoretical foundations and research perspectives for developing exosome-based targeted therapeutic strategies.

关 键 词：小胶质细胞 外泌体 中枢神级系统损伤 神经保护 

分 类 号：R741[医药卫生—神经病学与精神病学]