至道距离:大变局中的齐鲁变革限界  

The Distance to Ultimate Dao:The Limits of Reform in Qi and Lu During a Time of Great Transformation

作　　者：任剑涛 REN Jiantao

机构地区：[1]清华大学社会科学学院,北京100084

出　　处：《孔子研究》2025年第2期5-17,157,共14页Confucius Studies

摘　　要：孔子的国家重建理念需要重述。在历史背景上,周制的裂变与列国的纷争,让他在周游列国时,国家重归秩序的问题始终萦绕脑际,列国制度尝试之优劣因此呈现。在比较视野中,他以周制为基点,对唯求富强的周邦齐国评价不高,而对直接承惠于周公礼制的鲁国评价很高。这是在国家富强目标与国家文明秩序之间作出的一种高下评判。而在孔子的齐一变至于鲁、鲁一变至于道的具体比较中,呈现出一条从强国追求、文明秩序到理想状态演变的线索。这是孔子国家哲学与文明理念的交错体现。以孔子对天下有道的文明设定和理想展望来看,即便鲁国变革达到天下有道,那也只达到恢复政治文明的状态。天下有道有两层意涵:周制是道的存在论,大道是道的境界论。以大道衡诸尧舜禹,尚且有亏。孔子论齐鲁之变,蕴含了仁礼结构对实际政治进行高位规导的丰富意涵,也显现出现实国家总是被更高位的文明发展目标所范导的趋向。Confucius's vision of national reconstruction requires reinterpretation.Under the historical background of the fragmentation of the Zhou system and the internecine conflicts among various states,the issue of restoring order to the state persistently occupied Confucius'thoughts during his itinerant journeys.Consequently,the merits and demerits of the institutional experiments undertaken by these states became evident.Within a comparative framework,Confucius,with a preference for the Zhou system as a foundation,holds a relatively low opinion of Zhou's vassal State Qi,which solely pursued wealth and power,while expressing a high regard for Lu,which directly benefited from the ritual system established by Zhou Gong.This represents a judgment of superiority and inferiority between the goals of national prosperity and establishing a civilized national order.In Confucian specific comparison in the proposition that“Qi,by one change,would come to the State of Lu;Lu,by one change,would come to where Dao(true principles)predominated”,a trajectory emerges,tracing the evolution from the pursuit of national strength and civilized order to the attainment of an ideal state.It is a manifestation of the intersection between Confucian national philosophy and his conception of civilization.From the Confucian perspective on the civilizational standard and ideal vision of a world governed by Dao,even if the reforms in Lu were to achieve that goal,it would only restore the state of political civilization.The concept of a world governed by Dao has two layers of meaning:the Zhou system represents the ontological existence of Dao,while Da Dao(great true principles)represents the horizontal being of the Dao.When measured against the Da Dao,even the sage-kings Yao,Shun,and Yu fall short.Confucian discourse on the transformation of Qi and Lu encapsulates profound implications of the Ren-Li(benevolence-ritual)structure guiding practical politics from a higher vantage point,while also revealing the tendency of actual states to be invariabl

关 键 词：周制 齐国 鲁国 变革 道 

分 类 号：B222.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]