组织中的任务失败:概念内涵、理论构建与研究展望  

Task Failure in Organizations:Conceptualization,Theorizing,and Future Directions

作　　者：周怡冰 王蕾 Zhou Yibing;Wang Lei(School of Economics and Management,Tsinghua University;School of Economics and Management,University of Science and Technology Beijing)

机构地区：[1]清华大学经济管理学院 [2]北京科技大学经济管理学院

出　　处：《南开管理评论》2025年第4期171-183,共13页Nankai Business Review

摘　　要：管理学领域已经就组织失败和创业失败积累了大量研究证据,但任务失败在模式、影响、关键性和测量方式上均不同于组织失败和创业失败,具有独特的研究价值。本文首先对国内外已有任务失败研究进行可视化分析,并根据分析结果搭建主线脉络:(1)基于失败模式和影响分析框架来系统梳理任务失败的概念内涵,阐释其与组织失败和创业失败的差异。(2)归纳任务失败对个体和团队层面的近端结果(包括认知和情绪结果)和远端结果(包括行为和绩效结果)的影响,提出任务失败的双刃剑效应模型。具体而言,任务失败的积极效应体现为促进经验学习与意义建构,刺激个体和团队采取以实现目标为导向的主动行为;消极效应则体现为引发消极情绪及僵化的行为模式。(3)梳理上述双刃剑效应的权变因素。最后,本文从深化任务失败概念、扩展现有研究中的矛盾发现、引入悖论视角和完善研究方法四个角度提出今后相关研究的发展方向。Task failure,a pervasive yet underexplored phenomenon in organizational contexts,represents a critical juncture between operational setbacks and adaptive learning.Distinct from organizational collapse or entrepreneurial termination,task failure is characterized by its high frequency,localized impact,and subjective measurement,necessitating a dedicated analytical framework.This study synthesizes empirical research through bibliometric visualization and theoretical analysis to establish a comprehensive model for understanding task failure dynamics.By integrating a risk-assessment framework with organizational behavior theories,the research systematically addresses three dimensions:conceptual boundaries,dual-path effects,and contingency mechanisms shaping outcomes.The conceptual foundation defines task failure as a deviation of actual performance from predefined objectives by individuals or teams during task execution.This operational divergence is differentiated from broader failure constructs through three criteria.First,its origins lie in role-specific obligations rather than strategic decision-making,implicating actors accountable for task-specific outcomes rather than entrepreneurial risk-taking.Second,its impact is confined to task timelines,quality standards,or goal attainment,avoiding systemic organizational repercussions.Third,its criticality reflects higher recurrence but lower severity compared to macro-level failures,positioning it as a routine yet underutilized opportunity for iterative learning.The study reconciles contradictory empirical findings by proposing a dual-path model that distinguishes immediate cognitive-emotional responses from long-term behavioral consequences.Proximal outcomes reveal competing psychological pathways.Positive trajectories emerge when failure triggers structured reflective practices,such as post-mortem analyses and causal attribution,enabling teams to reconcile divergent perspectives and refine problem-solving strategies.Concurrently,failure stimulates adaptive sensemaking

关 键 词：任务失败 可视化分析 失败模式和影响分析框架 双刃剑效应 权变因素 

分 类 号：F272.92[经济管理—企业管理]