说“乡先生”:明代士大夫乡居生活典范及其崩坏  

On the“Xiang Xian Sheng”:the Model and the Disintegration of the Rural Life of Scholar-Bureaucrats in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：陈宝良[1] CHEN Bao-liang(School of History and Culture,Southwest University,Chongqing,400715,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史文化学院,重庆400715

出　　处：《史学集刊》2025年第3期4-16,共13页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“明代知识转型与知识人社会研究”(22BZS052)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：所谓“乡先生”,大抵等同于“乡绅”或“乡官”,主要是指在乡的士大夫。“乡先生”既是身份等级的表征,又是一种社会与文化符号。“乡先生”是士大夫生命终结前扮演的最后一个社会角色。明代“乡先生”的人格、形象存在着两分的现象:有的保持“先进”遗风,成为士大夫居乡生活的真正典范;而有的则已沦为豪绅恶宦,士大夫典范丧失殆尽。明代乡居士大夫的生活,或陶情于声伎,或肆意于山水,或学仙谭禅,或求田问舍。其结果则是乡居士大夫形象的转变,即从道大、德大、业大的“大丈夫”,转而变为势大、财大、弊大的“小夫”。The so-called“Xiang Xian Sheng”is roughly equivalent to“rural gentry”or“rural officials”,mainly referring to scholar-bureaucrats in the countryside.“Xiang Xian Sheng”is not only a representation of status and rank,but also a social and cultural symbol.“Xiang Xian Sheng”was the last social role played by scholar-bureaucrats before the end of their lives.In the Ming Dynasty,the personality and image of“Xiang Xian Sheng”had a dichotomous phenomenon:some maintained the legacy of“being advanced”and became a true model of the rural life of scholar-bureaucrats,while some had already become powerful and evil gentries,and the model of scholar-bureaucrats was completely lost.The life of rural scholar-bureaucrats in the Ming Dynasty was either devoted to the music and dance,or wantonly enjoying the landscape,or pursuing immortality and Buddhism,or seeking new fields and houses.The result was the transformation of the image of rural scholar-bureaucrats,namely from the“great man”with great morality,great virtue and career to the“small man”with great power,great wealth and misconducts.

关 键 词：明代 士大夫 乡先生 乡居生活 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]