王者欲一乎天下——论大一统视阈下的《公羊》异内外之说  

The King's Desire to Unify the World:On the Theory of the Internal-External Distinction in the Gongyang Commentary from the Perspective of Great Unity

作　　者：贝承熙 BEI Chengxi(Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]清华大学历史系 [2]清华大学中国经学研究院

出　　处：《中华民族共同体研究》2025年第1期17-28,M0003,M0004,共14页Journal of the Chinese Nation Studies

摘　　要：在《公羊》的大一统理论下,夷狄、诸夏之称只意味着遵奉王化的先后不同,《春秋》的最终理想仍是消弭内外之别,令天下远近小大皆奉王化。在这种异内外理解中,夷狄、诸夏只是相对的概念,当夷狄遵奉礼义,即可将其进于中国,嘉许其能逐渐遵奉王者之统;当诸夏失于礼义,即应反思诸夏自身德性是否足以感化远夷,以令天下归于一统。《公羊》先师进一步将这种异内外理论时间化,提出《春秋》整体上有渐进夷狄之笔法,彰显天下必然由异内外走向远近小大若一。《公羊》学的这种异内外理解与大一统理论间全然密不可分,如缺乏大一统理论之旨归,即容易将异内外片面理解为如《榖梁》一般的攘除夷狄之论。Within the Gongyang Commentary's theory of Great Unity(da yitong),the distinctions between the Yidi(barbarians)and the Zhuxia(Chinese states)merely reflect differences in the timing of their acceptance of royal transformation(wanghua).The ultimate ideal of the Spring and Autumn Annals(Chunqiu)remains the elimination of internal-external distinctions,ensuring that all under heaven,whether near or far,great or small,submit to the king's civilizing influence.Under this interpretation of internal and external differentiation,Yidi and Zhuxia are only relative concepts:when the Yidi uphold ritual propriety(liyi),they can be incorporated into China and praised for gradually accepting the authority of the ruler;conversely,when the Zhuxia fail in ritual propriety,they must reflect on whether their own virtue is sufficient to transform distant Yidi,thereby achieving the unification of all under heaven.The early masters of the Gongyang school further temporalized this theory of internal-external distinction,arguing that the Spring and Autumn Annals employs a progressive narrative of the Yidi's integration,highlighting the inevitable movement of the world from differentiation to a unified order where distance and size no longer matter.The connection between this interpretation of internal-external distinctions and the theory of Great Unity is inseparable—without the overarching framework of Graet Unity,such distinctions could easily be misinterpreted as a doctrine of excluding the Yidi,similar to the approach found in the Guliang Commentary.

关 键 词：《公羊》 大一统 异内外 夷夏互变 

分 类 号：B222.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]