信用证欺诈例外豁免制度的反思与重构——兼议善意认定标准的二分化  

Reflection and Reconstruction on Fraud Exception Exemption Mechanism in Letters of Credit:A Discussion on the Dichotomy of Good Faith Determination Standard

作　　者：李科华 闫璟 LI Ke-hua;YAN Jing(Procedural Law Research Institute,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing,100088,China;College of Comparative Law,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing,100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学诉讼法学研究院,北京100088 [2]中国政法大学比较法学研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《福建金融管理干部学院学报》2025年第1期21-30,共10页Journal of Fujian Institute of Financial Administrators

摘　　要：独立性原则作为信用证的基石,将信用证交易和基础交易严格区分,保障着信用证的高效与稳定。然而,独立性也极易引发欺诈,为避免信用证充当恶意的庇护,欺诈例外规则应运而生。独立性原则与欺诈例外规则间的平衡问题一贯令人困惑,欺诈例外豁免制度有效缓解了这一难题。欺诈例外豁免的适用本质上是对第三人善意与否的认定,我国司法解释强调了善意在欺诈例外豁免制度中的重要性,但并未明晰善意认定的标准,司法实践中的善意认定缺乏统一标准。实务中,对善意认定影响最大的因素主要有“明知”与否和“尽责”与否。善意认定应以“明知”标准和“尽责”标准为主,形成善意认定的二分化标准,并确认先行“明知”标准、后用“尽责”标准的递进适用逻辑,由此体系化善意认定标准,进而重构我国信用证欺诈例外豁免制度。The independent principle,the cornerstone of letters of credit,ensures the efficiency and stabili-ty of letters of credit by strictly separating the letter of credit transaction from the underlying transaction.However,independence may also lead to the emergence of fraud.To prevent the letter of credit from act-ing as the shelter of bad faith,the fraud exception rule was established.The balance between the independ-ence and the fraud exception has long been a contentious issue,and the exemption from fraud exception has effectively alleviated this dilemma.The application of the exemption hinges on determining whether a third party acted in good faith.In China,judicial interpretations emphasize the importance of good faith,but fail to clarify the specific criteria for its determination,resulting in a lack of unified standards in judi-cial practice.In practice,the most influential factors in assessing good faith are mainly"awareness"(whether the party had knowledge)and"due diligence"(whether the party fulfilled the obligation).The de-termination of good faith should mainly contain"awareness"and"due diligence",forming the dichotomi-zation standard.Furthermore,a progressive logic structure should be adopted for applying the dichotomi-zation standard,that is,first"awareness"standard,followed by"due diligence"standard,thus systematizing the determination of good faith,and then reconstructing our exemption mechanism for fraud exception in letters of credit.

关 键 词：欺诈例外豁免 善意第三人 明知 重大过失 

分 类 号：D922.28[政治法律—经济法学]