从情感现象学视角重审儒家伦理的“结构性伪善”问题  

Re-examining“Structural Hypocrisy”of Confucian Ethics from the Perspective of Affective Phenomenology

作　　者：王文静 Wang Wenjing

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,山东济南250199

出　　处：《天府新论》2025年第3期68-76,156,共10页New Horizons from Tianfu

摘　　要：邓晓芒教授利用康德道德哲学中的“根本恶”思想审视儒家“圣传心法”,认为儒家所讲的“反身而诚”只停留在自然情感经验层面,无法导向彻底反省,因此是一种“结构性伪善”。这种以西方传统哲学的反思模式看待儒家心性论的做法存在一定偏颇,自欺结构并不能取代自欺现象成为批评儒家“结构性伪善”的直接论据。马克斯·舍勒有关自身意识与自身欺罔的现象学分析表明,自欺本质上是一种假象或遮蔽,这与儒学尤其是阳明学说视自欺为私意的阻隔有不谋而合之处。通过阳明学说对良知与意的区分可知,意只是心体应物起念时呈现出的具体感受状态或意念内容,而意之所以可能,是因为更为原发的良知无时无刻不表现为具体的价值感受活动并能使此态势充分涌现出来。因为两者皆出于内,所以极易出现对两个意识层级的颠倒。“反身而诚”不是传统反思模式下对意念内容的不断回返,而是在“慎独”“诚意”等工夫基础上对感受行为予以还原,破除私意之障蔽,使心体之创生性得以澄明。循此理路,儒家“惟精惟一”的工夫指向不仅是对“人心惟危”这一根本难题的直接回应,同时也展示出一条通过不断“归根反证”达成中道的人格生成之路。Professor Deng Xiaomang reviews Confucian“Sacred Transmitted Heart-Mind Method”with Kant′s moral philosophy of“radical evil”,arguing that Confucian self-examination(turning inward to achieve sincerity)stays at the level of natural emotional experience and fails to achieve thorough introspection,thus exposing the essence of structural hypocrisy.However,this approach,which evaluates Confucian moral metaphysics through the reflective paradigm of Western philosophy,is itself problematic.The self-deception structure cannot replace the self-deception phenomenon as a direct argument for criticizing the structural hypocrisy of Confucianism.Max Scheler′s phenomenological analysis of self-awareness and self-deception reveals that self-deception is fundamentally an illusion or concealment,which resonates with the Confucian(particularly Wang Yangming′s)view of self-deception as the obstruction of selfish desires.Through Wang Yangming′s distinction between“Liangzhi”(Conscience)and“Yi”(Thought),it can be seen that“Yi”(Thought)is merely the concrete affective state or mental content presented by heart in response to the object when thinking.Its presence,however,stems from the more primordial activity of“Liangzhi”(Conscience),which continuously manifests as concrete value-laden feelings and enables the full emergence of this posture.Since they are both presented as inner consciousness,it is extremely likely to result in the inversion of the two levels of consciousness.“Turning inward to achieve sincerity”is not a repetitive return to mental contents under the traditional reflective model but rather a phenomenological reduction of affective acts—grounded in practices like“Shendu”(self-descipline even though at leisure and alone)and“Chengyi”(being sincere in Thought).In that way,the obstruction of selfish desires is removed and the creativity of heart is awakened.Following this logic,Confucian cultivation of being truly refined and unique not only directly addresses the fundamental pro

关 键 词：伪善 自欺 知行合一 诚意 情感现象学 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]