网络犯罪中境外电子数据调查取证的三种模式  

Three Models of Investigating and Collecting Overseas Electronic Evidence in Cybercrime

作　　者：谢登科 Xie Dengke

机构地区：[1]吉林大学理论法学研究中心 [2]吉林大学法学院

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2025年第3期68-91,146,147,F0003,共27页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：黑龙江省哲学社会科学研究规划专题重点项目“涉俄刑事案件诉讼程序研究”(24FXH002);吉林省教育厅社会科学研究重大项目“吉林省在线诉讼规则适用实证研究”(JJKH20231101SK)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在网络犯罪治理中,境外电子数据调查取证已经成为常态。境外电子数据取证除了受制于电子数据自身特征而产生的难题,还面临国家主权、属地管辖、数据跨境壁垒等制度障碍。境外电子数据调查取证有司法协助取证、直接取证和私人协助取证三种模式。司法协助取证模式有利于尊重国家主权,符合国际法的基本要求,但是存在条件苛刻、程序繁琐等问题,可能阻碍境外电子数据有效取证。直接取证模式契合了网络空间的弱地域性、开放性等特点,回应了网络犯罪治理中高效快速取证的社会需求,但是容易因侵犯他国主权而引发国际纠纷。私人协助取证模式通过网络服务提供者等私人主体协助收集境外电子数据,可使本国执法部门快速便捷获取境外电子数据,对他国主权干预较弱,但是可能因不同国家间的法律冲突而让网络服务提供者在跨境数据提供中面临法律风险。In the governance of cybercrime,the investigation and collection of overseas electronic evidence has become commonplace.Collecting overseas electronic evidence faces challenges not only due to the inherent characteristics of electronic data but also because of institutional barriers such as national sovereignty,territorial jurisdiction,and cross-border data barriers.There are three models for investigating and collecting overseas electronic evidence:judicial assistance,direct collection,and private assistance.The judicial assistance model respects national sovereignty and aligns with the basic requirements of international law;however,it suffers from stringent conditions and cumbersome procedures,which may hinder the effective collection of overseas electronic evidence.The direct collection model corresponds to the weak territoriality and openness of cyberspace,addressing the social demand for efficient and rapid evidence collection in cybercrime governance,but it may lead to international disputes due to violations of other countries'sovereignty.The private assistance model involves private entities,such as internet service providers,assisting in the collection of overseas electronic evidence.This model allows domestic law enforcement agencies to quickly and conveniently obtain overseas electronic evidence with less interference in the sovereignty of other countries,but it may expose internet service providers to legal risks due to legal conflicts between different countries in cross-border data provision.

关 键 词：网络犯罪 境外数据 跨境取证 司法协助 网络服务提供者 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]