从“今有之天”看中式园林的体验型特征  

Examining the Experiential Characteristics of Chinese Gardens from the Perspective of “jin you zhi tian”

作　　者：朱良志 Zhu Liangzhi

机构地区：[1]北京大学美学与美育研究中心暨哲学系

出　　处：《天津社会科学》2025年第2期17-27,174,共12页Tianjin Social Sciences

摘　　要：欧洲文艺复兴以来的园林创造,或偏向人工理性(如古典主义园林),或膜拜自然(如英国的自然风致园)。中式园林尤其是文人园则巧妙地融合了人工与自然,从人的真实感觉出发,创造了独特的生命境界。中国人理解的造园,是造一个世界,一个人生命存在的“立足点”,也即“今有之天”。这里涉及三个概念:“今”“有”“天”。“今”强调体验的当下性,“有”强调生命真性的澄明,而“天”说的是圆满俱足生命境界的成立。文人园重视“今”,即当下性,它是“即成”的。文人园重视“写意性”,其根本特点是步移景改,这意味着它是重视当下直接体验的园林。“有”可从澄明、圆满和烂漫三方面理解,指荡却遮蔽后人的真性敞开,这是文人园作为“真性之园”的根本特点。而“天”则指生命境界在当下的成立。“有”为体,“今”为用,“天”为相,体、用、相三者一体。三个概念间具有复杂而饶有兴味的关系,涉及人们对中式园林体验型特征的认识,反映了中国人对于生命存在的思考。Since the European Renaissance,garden design has oscillated between artificial rationality(as seen in Classical gardens)and the worship of nature(exemplified by the English nature scenery garden).In contrast,Chinese gardens,particularly literati gardens,mediate between artifice and nature,deriving from genuine human sensibility to craft a distinctive existential realm.The Chinese philosophy of garden-making centers on crafting a “world”,a tangible “existential foothold” for human life,namely the concept of “jin you zhi tian”(今有之天,“The realm of life's fulfillment in the present moment”).This notion relate to three principles:“jin”(今,immediacy),“you”(有,lucidity),and “tian”(天,consummation).“Jin” emphasizes the temporarily of experience,highlighting the garden as an“instantaneous creation” rooted in the present moment.Literati gardens prioritize xieyi(写意,expressive spontaneity),characterized by dynamic spatial progression where scenery shifts with movement,thereby foregrounding immediate,embodied engagement.“You” signifies the revelation of life's authentic essence,interpreted through three dimensions:the clearing of obscurities,consummation,and exuberance.This principle underpins the literati garden as a “garden of genuine nature”.“Tian” denotes the realization of a consummate existential realm within the immediacy of “jin”.Here,“you” is the essence,“jin” is the function,and “tian” is the manifestation-a trinity embodying a complex,interdependent relationship.This framework not only elucidates the experiential essence of Chinese gardens but also mirrors broader Chinese philosophical contemplations on existence.

关 键 词：今 有 天 文人园 体验型园林 生命存在 

分 类 号：TU986[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]