论《墨经》中的四“同”——回应中国古代“类”范畴class与kind分歧  

On the Four Tong in Mo Jing:Responding to the Difference between Class and Kind in Ancient China

作　　者：杨武金[1] 梁超 Yang Wujin;Liang Chao

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872

出　　处：《河南社会科学》2025年第5期81-91,共11页Henan Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“墨学核心思想及其当代价值”(2021GS0110)。

摘　　要：无论是抽象的类(class)还是具体的整体集合类(kind),都包含对象自身及与内部元素、个体或分子之间的同异关系。而这样的同异关系,在《墨经》中不止一种。《墨经》提出了四种“同”和“异”,是墨家学派深入把握事物存在状态、属性所呈现出的事物关系的系统图景。其中,类同依据的是事物存在某些相同的性质或属性;重同的实质在于对象自身同一的确立;体同类似不同部分共同组成整体的关系;合同蕴含内部分子与有机生命体的共同性,或蕴含不同元素在时空中共同构成集合体的关系。由此可进一步思考墨家所谓“推类之难”可能不仅难于容易混淆事物间的同异,也容易杂糅不同类型的“同”和“异”。class or a concrete kind,it contains the identity and difference between the object itself and its internal elements,individuals or molecules.However,there are different types of such relationship in Mo Jing.Mo Jing puts forward four kinds of Tong and Yi,which is a systematic picture of the relationship between things presented by Mohist indepth grasp of the existence state and attributes of things.Among them,Leitong is based on the fact that things have certain qualities or attributes in common;the essence of Chongtong lies in the establishment of the identity of the object itself;Titong is common relation between a body and its similar parts constituting a whole;Hetong implies the commonality of internal molecules and organic organisms,or the relationship between different elements in space and time to form a collective.From this,we can further consider that the so-called“difficulty of Tuilei”may not only be difficult to easily confuse the identity and difference between things,but also easy to mix different types of Tong and Yi.

关 键 词：《墨经》 类 同 

分 类 号：B2[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B81