从马克思到斯蒂格勒:一般器官学的生产进化逻辑  

From Marx to Stiegler:The Evolutionary Logic of Production in General Organology

作　　者：曹克亮 CAO Keliang(School of Marxism Studies,China Jiliang University,Hangzhou 310018,Zhejiang,China)

机构地区：[1]中国计量大学马克思主义学院,浙江杭州310018

出　　处：《昆明理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期38-48,共11页Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究专项任务项目(高校辅导员研究)“数字时代大学生劳动教育研究”(22JDSZ3004);浙江省社会科学规划“高校思想政治工作”专项课题“数字时代大学生劳动教育的理念、方法、路径研究”(22GXSZ019YB)。

摘　　要：马克思器官概念具有多重维度和所指,最基本的指向是,人以“义肢”的方式存在于机器和机器自动化体系的资本主义生产方式之中,从而形象隐喻了人沦为机器的“器官”。这一隐喻折射出外在化器官生产与工人自我精神生产的双向协同化过程。斯蒂格勒认为:在数字化和智能化时代,马克思外在化的器官概念及其具有的劳动“意识形态”的器官学逻辑,应该扩展到质疑资本主义生产机器如何成为人的精神政治生产的场所。因此,斯蒂格勒创造性地将马克思的“器官”概念升级为一般器官学概念,将资本主义生产机器由“自动化生产”阶段推进到“数字化生产”阶段;将马克思的“器官”概念表达由“外在化”的机器生产逻辑上升为“作为外在化”的人类生存逻辑。一般器官学不只是马克思意义上的机器对身体的“肢体解剖学”,它更表现为“人类纪”意义上的一般性生存方式。斯蒂格勒认为“数字第三持存”是一种“计算成为王者”并塑造人类集体个体化的一般知识学器官,具有数字时代“机器意识形态学”和“精神药理学”的双重构镜意义。“数字第三持存”所生产的已经不是“无产阶级”,而是新的“无产阶级化”的数字“流众”和同质化个体。由“数字化第三持存”作为技术支撑的一般器官学是数字化时代的后生态学和后人类学。在超计算、超数据和超智能时代,每一个个体都既是“超人”,又是被算法编程的“非人”。Marx's concept of organ encompasses multiple dimensions and references.At its core,it describes how humans function as“prosthetic limbs”integrated into capitalist modes of production dominated by machines and automated systems—a metaphor vividly illustrating the reduction of humans to mere“organs”of machinery.This metaphor reflects a bidirectional,synergistic process between the externalized production of organs and the self-spiritual production of workers.Stiegler contends that in the digital and intelligent age,Marx's framework of externalized organs and its organological logic of labor“ideology”should be extended to interrogate how capitalist production machines become sites of spiritual-political production.Stiegler innovatively transforms Marx's“organs”into a theory of general organology,advancing capitalist production from the“automated production”stage to the“digital production”stage.Simultaneously,he reinterprets Marx's“externalization”of machine production as a logic of human existence“as externalization”.General organology transcends Marx's“anatomy of limbs”to encompass a generalized mode of life within the Anthropocene.Stiegler posits digital tertiary retention as an epistemological organ wherein“computation reigns supreme”,shaping collective human individualization.This concept carries dual significance:it embodies the machine ideology and spiritual pharmacology of the digital age.Crucially,digital tertiary retention no longer produces the“proletariat”but generates a new proletarianized digital precariat—homogenized individuals reduced to algorithmic“flows”.Supported by digital tertiary retention,general organology represents post-ecology and post-anthropology in the digital era.In this hyper-computational,hyper-data-driven and hyper-intelligent age,each individual exists paradoxically as both a“superhuman”and an algorithmically programmed“non-human”.

关 键 词：马克思 斯蒂格勒 器官 一般器官学 数字第三持存 数字生产 

分 类 号：B565.6[哲学宗教—外国哲学] B0-0B82-057