气学视野下黄宗羲对朱子先天学的批判  

Huang Zongxi's Criticism of Zhu Xi's Theory of Former Heaven from the Perspective of Qi-based Philosophy

作　　者：由美子 YOU Mei-zi

机构地区：[1]同济大学人文学院,上海200092

出　　处：《周易研究》2025年第2期71-80,共10页Studies of Zhouyi

基　　金：岳麓书院《周易》经学研究博士学位论文资助项目(第1期)资助(YLZYBS2024016)。

摘　　要：学界普遍认为,黄宗羲是基于经学立场批判图书学脱离了《周易》经传文本。事实上,黄宗羲的批判并非指向经学研究。他对先天学的批判立足于理气合一的气学视野。在黄宗羲看来,先天诸图以象数的方式呈现了朱子的理气观。朱子误解了《系辞》太极、两仪、四象、八卦之间“生”的内涵,不仅割裂了八卦生成系统,也致使其误以为先天学的逐爻生卦法揭显了八卦的生成次序。黄宗羲的批评针对先天八卦次序、方位的意涵与现实气化流行的矛盾处,显示出与其气学思想的一致性。而他强调先天学违背《周易》经传,意在指出没有独立于形下经验世界之外的形上本体。批判先天学不仅关乎易学问题,亦与黄宗羲反对朱子理气论思想体系密切相关。在他看来,一味追逐形上层面,容易坠入虚无,而对现实世界的家国天下漠不关心。就此而言,黄宗羲的批判乃是基于对儒学本质以及晚明以来政教的反思。The academic community generally believes that based on the stance of Confucian classical studies,Huang Zongxi(1610-1695)criticized the detachment of the He tu(Yellow River Map)and Luo shu(Luo River Diagram)theory from the basic text and commentaries of the Book of Changes.In fact,Huang Zongxi's criticism is not directed towards Confucian classical studies.His criticism of the theory of Former Heaven is established in the perspective of qi(material force)theory,which emphasizes the unity of li(principle)and qi.In Huang Zongxi's opinion,the images and numbers in the diagrams related to Former Heaven presented Zhu Xi's(1130-1200)view of li and qi.Zhu Xi misunderstood the connotation of“sheng”(generation)between Taiji(Supreme Ultimate),liangyi(two-mode of yin and yang),sixiang(four images),and eight trigrams in the Xici(Commentary on the Appended Phrases).This not only fragmented the generation system of the eight trigrams,but also led him to mistakenly believe that the line by line generation method of Former Heaven revealed the generation order of the eight trigrams.Huang Zongxi's criticism focuses on the contradiction between the implication of the order and orientation of the Eight Trigrams of Former Heaven and the real trend of qi transformation,demonstrating consistency with his qi theory.And his emphasizing that the Former Heaven theory violates the basic text and commentaries of the Yijing intends to point out that it does not have a metaphysical ontology independent of the metaphysical experiential world.Criticizing the theory of Former Heaven is not only associated with the issue of Yijing studies,but also closely related to Huang Zongxi's opposition to Zhu Xi's theory of li and qi.In Huang's view,blindly pursuing the transcendent level is prone to falling into nothingness and being indifferent to the reality of statecraft and family regulation.In this regard,Huang Zongxi's criticism is based on a reflection on the essence of Confucianism and the politics and religion since the late Ming dynasty(1368-1

关 键 词：黄宗羲 先天学 朱子 气学 

分 类 号：B249.3[哲学宗教—中国哲学]