语言哲学视域下的先秦汉语“音义观”和“名实观”  

The“Sound-Meaning View”and“Naming-Reality View”in Pre-Qin Chinese Philosophy of Language

作　　者：武迎晗 黄仁瑄[1] WU Ying-han;HUANG Ren-xuan(Institute of Chinese Language,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,Hubei,430074)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学中国语言研究所,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2025年第2期133-144,共12页Journal of Shenzhen University:Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中、日、韩汉语音义文献集成与汉语音义学研究”(19ZDA318);华中科技大学一流文科建设重大学科平台建设项目“数字人文与语言研究创新平台”(19ZDA318)。

摘　　要：语言是音义结合的符号系统。从语言哲学的角度来看,先秦诸子所思考的音义问题和名实问题同属哲学认识论的范畴,“音”“义”是“名”的组成部分。音义结合的语言符号是构成“名”的物质材料,具有更强的工具性,音义问题的思辨属性弱于名实问题。先秦诸子音义观的内容主要包括两个方面:一是依据汉语音义关系的可论证性特征探索世界,二是依据汉语的因义生音律生产信息。先秦诸子的“音义观”和“名实观”都对古代中国的语言学研究起到了思想启蒙的作用,音义观催生了古代汉语音义学,名实观催生了古代汉语词汇学。先秦诸子“音义观”与“名实观”的产生有着共同的社会政治背景,二者的主要内容却存在明显的差异。首先,诸子的音义观相对统一,而名实观争议较大;其次,诸子的音义观是唯物主义的,而其名实观则一定程度上具有唯心主义特征;第三,诸子的音义思想呈现出可知论的特点,但先秦部分思想家对于名实关系则持不可知论的观点。考辨先秦汉语音义观和名实观,对于中国特色学科体系、学术体系和话语体系建设有着重要的意义。Language is a symbolic system that combines sound and meaning,from the perspective of linguistic philosophy,the problems of sound and meaning that the ancient Chinese philosophers contemplated and the problems of names and reality are both within the scope of philosophical epistemology.“Sound”and“meaning”are components of“names”.The linguistic symbols that combine sound and meaning are the material substance for constructing“names”,which have stronger tool-like characteristics,and the speculative attributes of the sound and meaning problem are weaker than those of the name and reality problem.The ancient Chinese philosophers used the sound and meaning relationship of the Chinese language to explore the world and produce information.The“sound and meaning view”and the“name and reality view”of the ancient Chinese philosophers both played a role in the intellectual enlightenment of ancient Chinese linguistic studies.The sound and meaning view gave birth to ancient Chinese phonetics and semantics,while the name and reality view gave birth to ancient Chinese lexicography.The emergence of the“sound and meaning view”and the“name and reality view”of the ancient Chinese philosophers had a common social and political background,but their main contents had obvious differences.

关 键 词：语言哲学 先秦 音义观 名实观 汉语音义思想 

分 类 号：H0-05[语言文字—语言学]