智能机械化分层施肥对中低产田小麦产量形成和养分利用的影响  

Stratified fertilization by means of intelligent machine increases wheat yield and nutrient utilization in medium-low yield fields of North China

作　　者：吕旭东 孙世媛 李亚楠 郭靖 王艳群 付鑫 宁鹏 彭正萍 LÜXu-dong;SUN Shi-yuan;LI Ya-nan;GUO Jing;WANG Yan-qun;FU Xin;NING Peng;PENG Zheng-ping(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province,Baoding,Hebei 071001,China;National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation in North China,Baoding,Hebei 071000,China;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院/河北省农田生态环境重点实验室,河北保定071001 [2]华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室,河北保定071000 [3]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2025年第4期657-670,共14页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划子课题(2021YFD1901003-08)。

摘　　要：【目的】华北平原中低产田土壤养分分布不均,肥料施用不合理,作物增产潜力较大。我们借助机械化施肥手段,研究提高施肥精度的相关措施,旨在实现小麦的高产、优质与高效益。【方法】本研究基于前期盆栽和田间小区试验结果,自主研制了智能化分层施肥机械,采用该机械在河北省宁晋县和曲周县进行田间试验。设置6个施肥处理,分别为农民习惯施肥(MF1)、优化氮磷钾肥一层施用(MF2)、两层施用(MF3)、氮磷肥两层钾肥三层施用(MF4)、氮钾肥两层磷肥三层施用(MF5)、氮肥两层磷钾肥三层施用(MF6)。在小麦灌浆期,测定旗叶SPAD值和光合指标;在4个关键生育期,取植株样品分析干物质积累量和氮磷钾养分含量;在成熟期,测定产量、产量构成因素以及籽粒蛋白组分含量。【结果】与MF2比,分层施肥改善了小麦旗叶光合特性,MF6处理增加了旗叶SPAD、Pn、Tr、Gs值;分层施肥处理小麦拔节—成熟期地上部氮、磷和钾素积累量分别增加了7.37%~25.54%、9.38%~30.55%、0.74%~21.53%;小麦产量增加了5.14%~12.74%;MF5和MF6处理的小麦籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量分别显著提升了19.01%~38.01%、21.88%~36.67%和9.64%~24.25%,谷/醇提高了1.57%~4.80%。结构方程模型分析结果表明,两个试验点分层施肥处理直接影响小麦叶片SPAD值、干物质积累量、植株地上部氮磷钾养分积累量,进而间接影响叶片光合作用、籽粒产量及品质,成熟期小麦养分积累量、产量与品质综合评价以MF6、MF5得分最高。【结论】智能化机械分层施肥通过影响小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦植株干物质积累量以及地上部氮磷钾养分的积累,间接促进了小麦光合能力提升、产量增加及品质改善。在相同施肥量下,可进一步提高产量5.14%~12.74%,增加籽粒总蛋白中的清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量,改善籽粒品质。【Objectives】Medium-low yield farmlands in North China are characterized by significant spatial variability in soil nutrients and untapped yield potential.We take use of intelligent machine to conduct precised stratified fertilization,in order to realize the simultaneous improvement of yield,fertilizer use efficiency,and grain quality of wheat.【Methods】An intelligent stratified fertilization machine was developed based on prior experimental data.Field trials were conducted in Ningjin and Quzhou,Hebei Province,comparing six fertilization strategies,farmers’conventional practice(MF1),single-layer optimized NPK application(MF2),full NPK in two layers(MF3),two-layer NP+three-layer K(MF4),two-layer NK+three-layer P(MF5),and two-layer N+threelayer PK(MF6).Flag leaf SPAD values and photosynthetic parameters were measured during grain filling.Biomass and NPK contents were analyzed at jointing,flag leaf emergence,grain filling,and maturity stages.Yield components,grain yield,and protein fractions(albumins,globulins,glutenins)were evaluated at harvest.A structural equation model(SEM)was used to dissect the mechanistic linkages between fertilization strategies,physiological traits,and yield-quality outcomes.【Results】Compared with MF2,all the stratified fertilization improved the values of photosynthetic parameters,and MF6 treatment increased the most;stratified fertilization increased N,P,and K accumulation in the above-ground parts of wheat across jointing to maturity period by 7.37%−25.54%,9.38%−30.55%,and 0.74%−21.53%,respectively,and increased wheat yield by 5.14%−12.74%;MF5 and MF6 treatments significantly increased the albumin,globulin,and glutenin contents by 19.01%−38.01%,21.88%−36.67%,and 9.64%−24.25%,respectively,thus enhanced glutenin-to-gliadin ratio by 1.57%−4.80%.According to the analysis results of structural equation model,stratified fertilization directly influenced wheat leaf SPAD values,dry matter accumulation,and NPK accumulation,thereby indirectly affected leaf photosynthesi

关 键 词：智能化分层施肥 冬小麦 光合特征 养分积累 籽粒产量 蛋白组分 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]