政一致疑难与公开性原则——康德法权哲学的核心议题  

The Dilemma of Moral-Political Consistency and the Principle of Publicity:Core Issues in Kant’s Philosophy of Right

作　　者：杨云飞[1] YANG Yunfei(School of Philosophy,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院,武汉430072

出　　处：《同济大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期70-82,共13页Journal of Tongji University:Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“康德法权哲学基本问题研究”(19BZX104)。

摘　　要：康德将实现永久和平看作人类的道德义务,并以国家法权、国际法权和世界公民法权三个层次的合理宪制作为通往永久和平的道路。在现实中,道德与政治的分歧比比皆是:合乎道义的做法未必行得通,狡诈的权谋之术却时常得逞。如同道德与幸福之间存在紧张关系,道德与政治的一致性同样成为问题。德政一致疑难是理想主义和现实主义争议的焦点。康德主张,通过法权的形式原则,确立道德对政治的优先性,可以初步应对疑难。然而,通过公开性原则,可以更充分地解决德政一致疑难:借助公开性原则的否定表达式,可以识别不正义的政治准则;借助公开性原则的肯定表达式,则可以实现正义与福利的协调一致。康德式的道德理想主义认为,道德与法权的原则建基于人的自由本性,构成政治的限制条件,而政治必须符合道德的要求。只有在道德优先和公开性的原则之下,法权与政治的目标方可协调一致。Kant regards the realization of perpetual peace as a moral obligation of mankind and takes a rightful constitutional system of national,international and cosmopolitan laws as the path to perpetual peace.In reality,the disagreement between morality and politics abounds:what is moral may not always work;what is unjust and devious is often successful.Just as there is a tension between morality and happiness,the consistency between morality and politics remains problematic.The dilemma of moral-political consistency is a key issue in dispute between moral idealism and realism.Kant asserts that the dilemma can be initially addressed by establishing the primacy of morality over politics through the formal principle of right.A more comprehensive resolution,however,lies in the principle of publicity.By means of the negative formula of the principle of publicity,unjust political maxims can be identified,while its positive formulation enables the reconciliation of justice and happiness.Kantian moral idealism holds that the principles of morality and law,based on the freedom of man,constitute the constraints of politics,which must conform to the requirements of morality.Only under the condition of moral priority and the principle of publicity can the purposes of morals and politics be consistent.

关 键 词：康德 永久和平 德政一致 公开性原则 道德理想主义 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学]