木瓜榕传粉生物学  

POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF FICUS AURICULATA LOUR. IN TROPICAL RAINFOREST OF XISHUANGBANNA

作　　者：彭艳琼[1] 杨大荣[1] 周芳[2] 张光明[1] 宋启示[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,云南勐腊666303 [2]思茅师范高等专科学校,云南思茅665000

出　　处：《植物生态学报》2003年第1期111-117,共7页Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金 ( 30 170 171);中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向基金项目 (KSCX2-SW-10 5 );云南省应用基础基金( 2 0 0 0C0 0 83M ;2 0 0 1C0 0 6 5M)

摘　　要：木瓜榕 (FicusauriculataLour.)是雌雄异株植物 ,它只有通过大果榕小蜂 (CeratosolenemarginatusMayr)传粉才能获得有性繁殖 ,大果榕小蜂也仅在木瓜榕雄果内产卵才得以繁衍后代。经两年来的实验和研究结果表明 :木瓜榕繁殖能力在不同季节随进蜂量的多少而变化 ,雌树在 4月和 11月出现的两次结果高峰期与进蜂量最多的时期相遇 ;同时雄树与雌树在 11月挂果高峰期重叠 ,导致该期进入雄果产卵的雌蜂量减少 ,进蜂量高峰推迟到部分雄果成熟、只有稀少接受果的 3月下旬和 4月上旬。木瓜榕在与大果榕小蜂互惠共生的进化历程中 ,逐渐完善了自身保证远交的繁殖机制 ,它们在不同程度上受到雌雄异熟、雌雄异株和短花柱雌花不亲和 3种机制的共同作用。温湿度对大果榕小蜂访果行为有明显的影响 ,在温湿度变化缓和的早晚 ,有利于榕小蜂出行 ,雌蜂访果最为频繁。大果榕小蜂活动最佳的温湿度是 :温度 2 0～ 2 4℃之间、湿度 85 %～ 93%之间 ;温度高于 2 9℃、湿度低于 5 8%或风雨天均不利于该蜂出行活动。榕小蜂日活动高峰的出现先后在不同季节略有差异 ,高温高湿的夏季榕小蜂活动出现早 ,7∶40达高峰 ;秋季榕小蜂活动推迟 ,高峰出现在 11∶0 0 ;干凉的冬季最晚 ,13∶0 0才到达高峰。通过人工套袋、放蜂传粉试验 。Ficus auriculata Lour. is a widely distributed and common species in the tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna, China. The pollination of Ficus auriculata is done by Ceratosolen emarginatus Mayr, their unique symbiotic associates. The fig_pollination wasps cannot develop anywhere except in the host syconia, and so both are highly co_evolved mutualists that depended completely on each other for propagation. The present paper reported on the growing character of syconia and flowering phenology of Ficus auriculata , as well as the pollination behavior, regularity of fig visitation and pollination efficiency of Ceratosolen emarginatus based on our observations in the rainforests of Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan, China. Ficus auriculata is a dioecious plant that bore fruit all year round in the population, with two fruit_bearing peaks on the female trees and one fruit_bearing peak on the male trees. The male trees produced pollen and provided fig wasps with havens, while the female trees produced fig seeds after pollination by fig wasps. The reproduction of Ceratosolen emarginatus varied with foundress number of females entering into a syconium in different seasons. The fruit_bearing peaks of female trees appeared from April to June and from September to November each year, and foundress number per syconium also peaked during these periods. Male trees bore the most fruits in January, however, due to the number restriction of fig wasps, the foundress number entering into a male syconium was low; its peak was postponed between 25th of March and 10th of April, when some syconia had matured. In order to ensure reproductive success, Ficus auriculata has evolved three out_breeding mechanisms: dichogamy, gynodioecy and incompatibility of short_style female flower. Ceratosolen emarginatus visited syconia when female flowers were blossoming, and entered into the fig cavity to lay eggs or pollinate pollen. The fig wasps' behavior of visiting syconia was controlled by temperature and humidity: t

关 键 词：木瓜榕 传粉生物学 大果榕小蜂 行为学特征 

分 类 号：Q948[生物学—植物学]