槲寄生的生物学特征及鸟类对其种子的传播  

Biology of mistletoe （Viscum coloratum）and its seed dispersal by frugivoro us birds

作　　者：鲁长虎[1] 

机构地区：[1]东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,哈尔滨150040

出　　处：《生态学报》2003年第4期834-839,共6页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目 ( 30 1 70 1 65 );教育部留学回国人员科研基金资助项目~~

摘　　要：2 0 0 1年 9月至 2 0 0 2年 1月在黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山林场研究了槲寄生 ( Viscum coloratum)的生物学特征及鸟类对其种子的传播。槲寄生寄主共有 9种阔叶树 ,杨树占比例最大 ,达 73.3%。78.0 %的槲寄生个体以杨树为寄主。多数槲寄生着生在杨树主干侧枝 ( 4 3% )和细侧枝 ( 4 2 % )上 ,主干上仅 1 5 %。寄主和槲寄生本身都呈聚集分布。槲寄生有两种色型果实 ,在量度上无明显差异。果实由果皮、果肉和种子构成 ,种子外面包裹一层胶质层。在帽儿山秋、冬季常见的 7种食果实鸟类中 ,只有太平鸟 ( Bombycilla garrulus)在野外觅食槲寄生果实 ,斑鸫 ( Turdus naumanii)在笼养无其它食物时才食 ,其余 5种鸟类拒食。太平鸟在 1 1月以后觅食槲寄生果实频率增大。除槲寄生果实外 ,太平鸟共可食帽儿山常见 1 7种肉质果中的 1 2种。太平鸟在吞食果实后 ,种子外包胶质层随粪便排出 ,形成“种子线”粘在树枝上 ,槲寄生种子被传播到适宜的生境 ,在春天萌根生长。笼养太平鸟时 ,种子在消化道的滞留时间约 1 1 min,这意味着在野外很长的扩散距离。槲寄生和太平鸟之间形成了特定的互利互生系统。Field work was done from Sep. 2001 to Jan. 2002 in Maoershan forest ar ea in Shangzhi city， Heilongjiang province. 9 species of broad-leaved trees ar e parasitized by the mistletoe （Viscum coloratum）in this area. 73.3% of th e hos ts are poplars， and 78.0% of the mistletoes grow on poplars. 43% of the mistlet oes are found on branches and 42% on twigs，while only 15% on trunks of poplars. Both hosts and mistletoes distribute unevenly in the forest. The mistletoes hav e two color types of fruits， and no differences in several parameters between t hem. The mistletoe fruits are composed by epicarp，pulp and seed. And outer of t he seeds are viscous substances. 7 species of frugivores are commonly found in a utumn and winter in study area， while only Bohemian Waxwings （Bombycilla gar ru lus） feeding on the mistletoe fruits in field. Dusky Thrushes (Turdus nauma nni) would eat the fruit without other food supply when being in cage. Other 5 speci es deny to eating the fruits. Waxwings are found feeding on the fruits more ofte n since November. 12 species of fleshy fruits of 17species commonly found in stu dy area can become the prey of Waxwings. After gulping the fruits, seeds are def ecated in a kind of “seed strings”. The viscid tissue sticks the seed to a bra nc h to enable subsequent infection in spring. When the Waxwings being in cage，ret ention time of fruits in digest system is 11 min. That means a considerable disp ersing distance. A complicated system exists between the frugivores and the stem -parasitic mistletoes.frugivo

关 键 词：槲寄生 生物学特征 鸟类 种子传播 槲寄生科 

分 类 号：Q948.1[生物学—植物学]