外来物种水葫芦的生态环境效应  

The Environmental Effects of Alien Species Water Hyacinth

作　　者：吴虹玥[1] 包维楷[2] 王安[1] 操卫平[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川大学建筑与环境学院,成都610065 [2]中国科学院成都生物研究所,成都610041

出　　处：《世界科技研究与发展》2004年第2期25-29,共5页World Sci-Tech R&D

基　　金：中国科学院知识创新工程项目 (KSCX1 0 7 0 1;KSCX2 SW 10 4);"西部之光"项目资助

摘　　要：任何外来物种均是“双刃剑” ,其带来的生态环境效应有利有弊。在当前全面否定外来物种的形势下 ,如何正确客观评估水葫芦这样的外来种的生态环境效应成为一项迫切工作。本文从辩证的角度出发 ,论述水葫芦的生态环境效应 (正、负 )。水葫芦二十世纪初引入中国后作为家禽饲料推广养植 ,带来了牲畜饲料、改良水质、抑制藻类、供作绿肥、沤制沼气、栽培草菇等积极的生态环境效应 ,也带来了阻塞航道、影响水产养殖产量和质量、降低水体物种丰富度 ,破坏水体生物多样性、污染水体、加剧富营养化、使用后的二次污染等生态环境负效应。引种前缺乏对外来物种理性而全面的认识是水葫芦危害的根源 ,而引种后缺乏有效监控与管理则是水葫芦危害及其扩大化的根本 ,强化水葫芦的生态效应特别是负效应与生态控制技术开发的深入研究是目前有效规避水葫芦危害的关键。生物控制、水体生态系统调控。Any alien species can cause both positive and negative ecosystem effects. Under the situation fighting off alien species,a pressing task is how to evaluate their roles objectively. The present study expounded Water Hyacinth development in China and thus causing positively and negatively environmental effects. Water Hyacinth was introduced into China in the early 20th as feed for fowls extensively and then invaded and naturally developed across many wetlands (rivers and lakes,pools) of most area of China. The alien herb brought us many positive effects,including being used as the feed for fowls,purifying wastewater,restraining alga,being used as green manure,generating biogas,cultivating mushroom,and so on,and at the same time,also fetched many negative effects including blocking channels,changing the output and quality of aquatic products,decreasing richness of species and destroying the diversity of aquatic creatures,contaminating water and aggravating eutrophication,bringing the second pollution after utilization,and etc. The alien species calamity should be ascribed into lack of rational and comprehensive cognition before introduction and effective supervising and management after introduction. Presently it was necessary to strengthen studying in ecological and environmental effects of Water Hyacinth,especially negative effects,and relevant ecological control technology. Integrating with biological control,comprehensive management,positive interference and comprehensive effective exploitation should be only a countermeasure for controlling Water Hyacinth development in China successfully.

关 键 词：外来物种 水葫芦 生态环境效应 生物控制 地理分布 

分 类 号：X173[环境科学与工程—环境科学]