supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,key international(regional)cooperative research project(No.31720103903);the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB310o000o);the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2019FY100900);the Large-scale Scientific Facilities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2017-LSF-GBOWS-02);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31270274);the Yunling International High-end Experts Program of Yunnan Province,China(No.YNQR-GDWG-2017-002 and No.YNQR-GDWG-2018-012);the CAS President's International Fellowship Initiative(No.2020PBo009);the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)International Postdoctoral Exchange Program,and the CAS Special Research Assistant Project;supported in part by USA Department of Energy grant DE-SCo018247.We are grateful to the following institutes for providing specimens or silica-dried materials:Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences;the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in the Southwest China and Molecular Biology Experiment Center,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences;the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences;the Harvard University Herbaria;University of Texas at Austin Herbarium;The Ohio State University Herbarium;National Herbarium of the Netherlands;and the herbaria of the Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew,the Missouri Botanical Garden,the New York Botanical Garden,the San Francisco Botanical Garden,and the California Botanical Garden.We are also grateful to Prof.Susanne S.Renner for providing Cannabaceae materials;to Jiajin Wu for help with sampling;to Prof.Huafeng Wang,Dr.Diego F.Morales-Briones,Dr.Nelson Zamora Villalobos,Dr.Rong Zhang,Dr.Hui Liu,Siyun Chen,Chenxuan Yang,Yingying Yang,and Henrique Borges Zamengo for their generous technical support and necessary assistance;and to the iFlora High Performance Computing Center of Germplasm Bank of Wild Species(iFlora HPC Center of GBOWS,KIB,CAS)for computing.
Cannabaceae are a relatively small family of angiosperms,but they include several species of huge economic and cultural significance:marijuana or hemp(Cannabis sativa)and hops(Humulus lupulus).Previous phylogenetic st...