the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31730087,41688103 and 31672323);the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT-17R75);Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five-year Plan(grant no.IDHT20180518);T.P.G.was supported by the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS);Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant no.5182004);Youth Innovative Research Team of Capital Normal University.
Many extant insects have developed pad structures, euplantulae or arolia on their tarsi to increase friction or enhance adhesion for better mobility. Many polyneopteran insects with euplantulae, for example, Gryllobla...