the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41830536,Grant No.41676190,and Grant No.41941009);the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.12500-312231103);The authors thank the University of Bremen for providing the AMSR-E,AMSR-2 and SSMIS SIC data,as well as the University of Wisconsin-Madison Automatic Weather Station Program(NSF Grant No.ANT-1543305)。
Antarctic polynyas play an important role in regional atmosphere?ice?ocean interactions and are considered to help generate the global deep ocean conveyer belt.Polynyas therefore have a potential impact on the Earth’...