Pingping Cong is funded by the China Scholarship Council(No.202106620028);Meng Fan is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12071068);Xingfu Zou is funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(No.RGPIN-2022-04744).
A four-dimensional mathematical model is formulated to explore the fear effect exerted by large carnivore in the grassland ecosystem.The model depicts the interactions among herbage,domestic herbivore,wild herbivore a...