funded by the National Natural Science Foundation projects of China(92157202,32025010,32241002,92254301,32261160376,31970709,32070729,32100619,32170747);the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1103800,2019YFA0904500);the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0480000);the Key Research Program,CAS(ZDBS-ZRKJZ-TLC003);International Cooperation Program,CAS(154144KYSB20200006);CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-075);Guangdong Province Science and Technology Program(2023A1515030231,2022A1515110493,2020B1212060052,2021A1515012513,2021B1515020096,2022A1515012616,2022A1515110951);Guangzhou Science and Technology Program(202102020827,202102080066);Open research funds of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,Qingyuan People’s Hospital(202301-203);Open Research Program of Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology,CAS(KLRB202107,KLRB202203);CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association(to Y.W and K.C)。
In mammalian cells,besides nuclei,mitochondria are the only semi-autonomous organelles possessing own DNA organized in the form of nucleoids.While eukaryotic nuclear DNA compaction,chromatin compartmentalization and t...