supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3804400)and(No.2022YFE0122800);Research Program(No.62602010113);Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31971253/C1002);Beijing Municipal Health Commission(Nos.BMHC-2021-6,BMHC-2019-9,PXM 2020_026275_000002).
Antibacterial Ti-5Cu alloy is a promising substitute material for Ti-made cardiovascular implants,so its surface engineering is crucial to expediting clinical implementation.Given the antibacterial and cardiovas-cular...