support for this research was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52339004 and 52209074);Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QE079),National Key Research and Development Plan(2021YFD1900900);the earmarked fund for CARS-03,and the China Post-doctoral Science Foundation(BX2021363 and 2022M713394);Sunny C.Jiang was supported by US National Science Foundation(CBET 2027306,CBET 2128480,and CBET 1806066);US Bureau of Reclamation(R21AC10079-00);US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA-G2021-STAR-A1 and 84025701).
The increasing demand for wastewater treatment has become a notable trend for addressing global water scarcity.However,fouling is a significant challenge for wastewater distribution engineering systems.This study prov...