supported by the Shandong Provin-cial Natural Science Foundation,China(grant no.ZR2020QC134);the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(grant no.32202405);the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents(grant no.IPM2001);the Agricultural Sci-entific and Technological Innovation Project of Shan-dong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(grant no.CXGC2022E04);the Shandong-Chongqing Sci-ence&Technology Cooperation Program,Shandong Technological Innovation Guidance Plan(grant no.2020LYXZ030).
The rising trend in the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops may cause a destabilization of agroecosystems, thus increasing concerns about the sustainability of Bt crops as a valid pest manageme...