普通话中的语音增强现象  

ENHANCEMENT IN MANDARIN CHINESE

作　　者：李智强 LI Zhiqiang

机构地区：[1]美国旧金山大学

出　　处：《中国语音学报》2022年第2期17-23,共7页Chinese Journal of Phonetics

摘　　要：语音增强理论认为,语言中音系对立的构建是由具有普遍意义的区别特征完成的。每个区别特征都有明确的生理—声学特性和与之相匹配的听觉感知模式。在语音实现过程中,由于受到语音环境或韵律因素的影响,区别特征的听觉显著性需要通过另外的发音动作来增强,以达到保持音系对立的目的。本文讨论普通话中的语音增强现象,包括擦音的区别特征及增强动作,舌尖元音的音系地位,低元音舌体运动对鼻韵尾部位特征的增强作用。我们看到不同语言对同一个区别特征可以有不同的语音增强方式,这跟语言特定的音系对立关系紧密联系。According to the Speech Enhancement theory,there is a universal set of distinctive features that define the phonological contrasts observed in the languages of the world.Each of these features is defined by an articulatory action in producing the segment and by a particular acoustic pattern and auditory impression.In speech production,the perceptual saliency of a contrast specified by a feature is often enhanced by introducing articulatory gestures in addition to the defining gesture for the feature.These gestures strengthen the defining acoustic properties and/or introduce additional properties to increase the perceptual contrast of the feature.In this squib,we first discuss enhancing gestures in the production of Mandarin fricatives,and revisit the phonological status of apical vowels,following the enhancement-based analysis of the fricatives.The three strident fricatives in Mandarin and their affricated cognates are distinguished by two distinctive features,[anterior]and[distributed].In featural terms,the alveolar/s/is[+anterior]while the retroflex/ʂ/is[-anterior].A similar contrast between/s/and/ʃ/in English is enhanced by the lip rounding gesture in the production of the[-anterior]fricative/ʃ/,but a different strategy is adopted in Mandarin because the lip rounding gesture is contrastive in defining unrounded and rounded pairs of fricatives.The vocal-tract configuration for/ʂ/shows a somewhat retroflexed shape for the tongue blade,leading to a relatively longer front cavity,whose resonance is associated with F3.For the[+anterior]fricative/s/the frication noise is centered at high frequencies in the F5 region.For the[+distributed]palatal fricative/ɕ/,a more fronted tongue body position is more compatible with the long constriction formed by the tongue blade against the palate.In light of the enhancement-based analysis,we propose that,despite the surface variations of the three vowels/ɿ/,/ʅ/and/i/following/s/,/ʂ/and/ɕ/respectively,the underlying representation of/ɿ/and/ʅ/is/i/.In speech production,t

关 键 词：语音增强 擦音 舌尖元音 低元音 鼻韵尾 

分 类 号：H116[语言文字—汉语]