风景意识与童心的发现:《开明国语课本》对儿童审美主体性的建构  

Consciousness of Landscape and the Discovery of Childishness:The Construction of Children’s Aesthetic Subjectivity in KaiMing Mandarin Textbook

作　　者：王独慎 Wang Dushen(School of Education Science,Empirical Research Institution for Aesthetics and Aesthetic Education,South China Normal University)

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学教育科学学院、美与美育实证研究中心

出　　处：《中国教育：研究与评论》2022年第2期1-35,共35页

摘　　要：风景意识是现代文学兴起的表征之一,其背后是具有内在自我的现代人格。现代教育中“儿童”的发现,正如现代文学中“风景”的发现,乃基于“内外分离”的机制。“儿童的发现”所隐含的儿童–成人关系的疏离与儿童主体性生成构成了内在矛盾。在中国现代语境中,“五四”文学基于“自然性”这个“内面”发现了作为风景的“童心”。而当“童心”与风景意识进入教育场域,叶圣陶等教育家将“童心”安立在儿童身上,使“发现”的装置再次倒置,以“童心”发现“风景”,由此打开了儿童审美主体性建构的空间。以《开明国语课本》为代表的开明派文学教育通过写景美文逐步引导儿童在原初的“童心”中培育出现代意义上的“文艺心”,发掘现代审美意识背后的“内面自我”,引导儿童进入成人的经验世界,将疏离的儿童与成人世界联结起来。在这个过程中,“风景”的阅读和书写赋予了儿童审美主体性,使儿童与成人的关系逐渐趋向平等。Landscape consciousness is a symbol of the rise of modern literature,behind which is a modern personality with an inner self.The discovery of“children”in modern education,just like the discovery of“landscape”in modern literature,is based on the mechanism of“inner and outer separation”.The alienation of the child-adult relationship implied by the“discovery of children”constitutes an inherent contradiction with the formation of child subjectivity.In the modern Chinese context,“May Fourth Literature”discovered the“children’s innocence”as landscape based on the“inner side”of“naturalness”.When the“children’s innocence”and modern landscape consciousness entered the education space,educators such as Ye Shengtao placed“children’s innocence”in children themselves,reversing the device of“discovery”,using the“children’s innocence”to discover the“landscape”,thus opening up the space for the construction of children’s aesthetic subjectivity.The literary education of Liberal School represented by Kaiming Mandarin Textbook gradually guides children to cultivate a modern sense of“artistic heart”from the original“children’s innocence”though scenery essays,and explore the“inner self”behind the modern aesthetic consciousness,to encourage children to enter the adult experience world,integrating the alienated children world with the adult world.In this process,the reading and writing of“landscape”endows children with aesthetic subjectivity,and the relationship between children and adults gradually tends to be equal.

关 键 词：风景 儿童的发现 审美主体性 《开明国语课本》 文学教育 

分 类 号：G610[文化科学—学前教育学]