从考古出土烟具看明清时期吸烟习俗在中国的传播  

On the Popularization of Smoking in China during Ming and Qing Dynasties by Inspecting Unearthed Smoking Utensils

作　　者：伍秋鹏 Wu Qiupeng

机构地区：[1]成都中医药大学国学院

出　　处：《中国社会历史评论》2023年第2期80-91,307,共13页Chinese Social History Review

基　　金：中国出土医学文献与文物研究中心项目“古代毛女采药图像及造像研究”(项目号CTWX2215)阶段性成果

摘　　要：近几十年来,在明清时期的窑址、墓葬、水井、沉船及遗址中陆续出土(出水)了一批烟斗、烟嘴等烟具。考古发掘出土的烟具,按照出土时的保存状态,可分为完整的烟杆、烟斗和烟嘴三类,按年代可以划分为明代和清代两个阶段,各时期的烟具在形制上无明显变化。从考古出土的烟具来看,至迟在明代嘉靖时期烟草已经传入中国,到清代康熙时期吸烟习俗已广泛流行于全国各地。清代的吸烟人群除汉族外,还有满族、达斡尔族、赫哲族等民族,不仅有男性,而且也有女性,同时一些未成年人也加入了吸烟者的行列。In recent decades,a number of pipes and cigarette holders have been unearthed from kilns,tombs,wells,shipwrecks and sites during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.According to the state of preservation at the time of excavation,these smoking utensils can be divided into three types:complete cigarette rods,pipes and cigarette holders.Their ages can be divided into two periods:Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.There is no obvious difference in the shape of smoking utensils in each period.By examining these unearthed cigarette sets,tobacco had been introduced into China in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty at the latest.By the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty,smoking was widely popular throughout the country.Smokers in the Qing Dynasty,besides the Han ethnic group,there are Manchu,Daur,Hezhe and other ethnic groups.Smokers in the Qing Dynasty included not only men,but also women,as well as some yongsters.

关 键 词：烟斗 烟嘴 吸烟习俗 明清时期 

分 类 号：TS971[轻工技术与工程] K248[历史地理—历史学] K892.25[历史地理—中国史] K875.2