“依法实施教育惩戒”的法理诠释:职权法定抑或章程自治  

A Jurisprudential Interpretation of"Implementing Educational Discipline in Accordance with the Law":Statutory Authority or Constitutional Autonomy?

作　　者：刘亦艾 LIU Yiai(School of Law,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《教育发展研究》2023年第15期71-79,共9页Research in Educational Development

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“当代中国国家治理中的规范协同问题研究(19ZDA115)”的部分成果。

摘　　要：当前教育惩戒研究承认一个共识,即应当依法实施教育惩戒,但由于对“依法实施”存在不同的解释可能,所以仅此尚不足以准确把握法律与教育惩戒的关系。一种可能的解释是,教育惩戒乃职权法定活动,依法实施教育惩戒就是由法律决定教育惩戒的相关内容。另一种解释是,教育惩戒乃章程自治活动,依法实施教育惩戒仅仅是要求由法律设定教育惩戒的边界。究竟应采取何种解释,取决于对教育惩戒法律性质的认定。根据相关法律与规章规定,教育惩戒与开除学籍等纪律处分不同,它是教育教学行为的特定形式,在法律性质上属于社团中的私法自治行为,因而依法实施教育惩戒应当对应章程自治而非职权法定模式。依法实施教育惩戒,应秉持以法为界实施章程自治的基本理念,重视学校章程等文件在设定教育惩戒事项上的自主性,警惕过度强调立法细化和法律解释的思维立场,拒绝仿照行政法直接适用比例原则、正当程序原则等原理内容,以实现国家强制与学校自治间的恰当平衡。The current research on educational discipline recognizes a consensus that educational discipline should be implemented according to law.However,due to different interpretations of"implementing according to law",this alone is not sufficient to accurately grasp the relationship between law and educational discipline.One possible explanation is that educational discipline is a statutory activity within the authority,and implementing educational discipline according to law means that the relevant content of educational discipline is determined by law.Another explanation is that educational discipline is a constitutional autonomous activity,and implementing educational discipline according to law merely requires that the boundaries of educational discipline be set by law.What kind of interpretation should be adopted depends on the determination of the legal nature of educational discipline.According to relevant laws and regulations,educational discipline is different from disciplinary actions such as expulsion from school.It is a specific form of educational and teaching behavior,and in legal nature,it belongs to autonomy of associations in private law.Therefore,the implementation of educational discipline according to law should correspond to constitutional autonomy rather than a statutory model of authority.To implement educational discipline in accordance with the law,we should adhere to the basic concept of implementing constitutional autonomy with the law as the boundary,attach importance to the autonomy of documents such as school statutes in setting educational discipline matters,be vigilant against the thinking position of overemphasizing legislative refinement and legal interpretation,and refuse to directly apply principles such as the principle of comparison and the principle of due process in imitation of administrative law,in order to achieve an appropriate balance between national compulsion and school autonomy.

关 键 词：教育惩戒 纪律处分 职权法定 章程自治 比例原则 

分 类 号：G639.2[文化科学—教育学] D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]