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作 者:毋爱斌[1]
出 处:《法律科学(西北政法大学学报)》2022年第6期108-122,共15页Science of Law:Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law
基 金:国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD195)“国家治理体系中民事执行现代化研究”;司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目中青年课题(19SFB3022)“强制执行立法视野下的动产交付执行问题研究”;西南政法大学2021年度校级科研项目(2021XZNDZD-01)“对第三人到期债权执行程序的立法研究”
摘 要:在《民事诉讼法》《物权法》等法律规范认可的查封绝对效下,司法解释确立的查封相对效长期面临适用障碍。《民法典》允许抵押财产自由转让则为查封相对效的现实适用提供了实体基础,统一登记系统亦为查封相对效提供支持。基于此,2022年《民事强制执行法(草案)》正式承认查封相对效。在查封相对效的适用上,对债权人而言,只要债务人的处分行为有碍执行,其就可以主张该行为对其不生效力,但在程序实现上则要在法院作出除权裁定后始行变价;对查封相对效主观范围的确定则要遵循重复查封与优先主义适用个别相对效。对相对人而言,在区分原理下,其与债务人间的债权合同有效;相对人要取得查封财产之物权,则要肯认查封对物权处分的影响只涉及处分禁止,并允许相对人办理物权登记,采取查封公示生效主义,而不适用善意取得。The relative validity of seizure established by judicial interpretation has long faced obstacles to its application because legal norms such as the Civil Procedure Law and the Property Law recognize the absolute validity of seizure.The Civil Code allows free property mortgage and transfer of property,which provides a substantive basis for the realization of the relative validity of seizure,and its unified registration system provides some support for the relative validity of seizure.Therefore,the Civil Enforcement Law(Draft)formally recognizes the relative validity of seizure in 2022.For creditors,when applying the relative validity of the seizure,the debtor has the right to claim that the act is null and void as long as the debtor’s disposition impedes implementation,but in the context of procedural realization,the court needs to make a decision and impose a price change then.As for the determination of the subjective scope of the relative validity of the seizure,the individual relative validity should be applied in accordance with repeated seizures and priority.For the counterparty,under the principle of distinction,the creditor’s rights contract with the debtor is valid.If the counterparty wants to obtain the real right of the sealed property,it needs to acknowledge that the influence of the sealing on the disposition of the real right only involves the prohibition of the disposition,and allows the counterparty to register the real right,and adopts the principle of public validity of the sealing rather than the bona fide acquisition.
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