汉语句式特色之成因——赵元任先生给古文句法研究之启示  

The Origins of the Special Features in Chinese Sentence Formation

作　　者：薛凤生[1] 

机构地区：[1]美国俄亥俄州立大学东亚语言文学系,哥伦布43210

出　　处：《语言科学》2004年第6期67-73,共7页Linguistic Sciences

摘　　要：研究汉语句法,当采何种观点,一直为关键之问题。自马建忠以来,因深受欧语语法之影响,于汉语句子之结构及词汇之分类,率皆因循欧式语法之成规以为说。遂致牵强附会,随处可见,去汉语句法之真精神甚远。明远之士,早有所悟。王力先生曾有“注重汉语特点”之说,吕叔湘先生更有“摆脱印欧语眼光”之说,卓识灼见,足启后学。然何为“特点”?如何“摆脱”?则未见有详为说明者。赵元任先生更早见及此,虽未明言,但六十年前即从此一角度分析汉语;首见于其《国语入门》,终集大成于其《中国话的文法》。所分析者虽为现代汉语,然其所据之原则,似亦皆适用于古文之分析。此等原则为何?惜乎先生虽用之而未作详细之说明与完备之列举,而分析实例时,亦时有当守而未守者。因此我曾试图将之归纳为八条句式特色(薛凤生2000)。本文试图说明此等特色之成因,增举例证以实其说。其中或有与赵先生说法相抵牾者,然实则皆由其基本观点衍生而出,即他给“句于”所下之新定义,以及他所提出的“主谓关系”之新定义。如此分析,目的有二:一为妥善解读先秦古籍,次为在认定汉语例句之真实结构以后,“才能实现西方的语言理论与汉语研究的结合”(吕叔湘1977)。In Chinese linguistics, study of syntax was a rather belated development, confined from the very beginning by the frames of 'Latin grammar'. As a result, many Chinese sentences are often improperly analyzed, or simply misinterpreted. So some scholars have questioned this approach, and advocated that 'the special character of the Chinese language' should be considered, or that 'the European preconceptions' should be cast away, but no one has told us clearly how to do that. Y. R. Chao never mentioned this problem, but his unique way of analyzing 'Spoken Chinese' even before the question was raised is highly inspiring. The author of the present paper once proposed that there are about eight 'special features' in Chinese sentence formation. and argued that proper interpretation of both the meaning and the structure of Chinese sentences can be reached only when these features have been seriously considered. In this paper, he further explains that those 'special features' are really derived from Chao's unique ideas about Chinese sentences, including hiS new definitions for 'sentence', 'minor sentence', 'full sentence', 'subject as topic', 'predicate as comment', etc. Therefore, this proposal of 'special features' in Chinese sentence formation can be appreciated, only when we can appreciate and accept those new definitions Chao proposed earlier.

关 键 词：汉语 句式 赵元任 语法功能 古文句法 语气词 口语风格 

分 类 号：H141[语言文字—汉语]