“以德报怨”儒、道辨——兼论其在现代社会的价值  

An Argument on “Repaying Ingratitude with Kindness” in Terms of Confucianism and Taoism——A Codiscussion on Its Significance in Modern Society

作　　者：刘学智[1] 

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学政治经济学院,陕西西安710062

出　　处：《陕西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2005年第3期5-12,共8页Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目 (0 4BZX0 2 5 )

摘　　要：历史上尝谓“以德报怨”(或“报怨以德”)之说是老子或孔子的话语,这实属误解。“以德报怨”既非出于老子或道家,也非出于孔子或儒家,同时亦非孔、老所赞同的思想;它是春秋以降曾流行于社会上的诸种怨德相报方式中的一种,体现了德治主义文化背景下的一种社会价值认同;孔、老对此都做了理性的反思,后世儒、道学者也对之多不认同,而南宋朱熹对其所做的“只是伪”、“不诚”的批评更值得重视。在今天看来,“以德报怨”是一种虽有合理因素又有更多缺陷的道德要求,且与当今社会的法治精神不相吻合,因而不宜褒扬和提倡。The historical Chinese moral “Repaying ingratitude with kindness” has been mistakenly taken as Confucius’s or Laozi’s instruction. In fact, this moral was introduced neither by Confucius nor by Laozi nor from the ideology they both conformed to. It was one of the many manners of repaying gratitude and ingratitude prevailing in society since the Spring-autumn Period of History, embodying an accepted social value in the context of moral-based government. Both Confucius and Laozi made rational reflections on the moral, and later generations of Conficianist and Taoist scholars mostly tended to disgree with it. A special mention should be made of the critical remarks “totally hypocritical” and “merely dishonest” made by Zhu Xi in the South Song Dynasty. From a modernistic perspective, the moral “repaying ingratitude with kindness” is a manner of morality involving some reasonable but more irreasonable factors. What is more, it doesn’t conform to the law-based conception of government in present-day society, so cannot be propagated and advocated.

关 键 词：以德报怨 老子 孔子 朱熹 

分 类 号：B22[哲学宗教—中国哲学]