语义解释和语境解释的分合与配置——以法汉词典和英汉词典为例  

Allocation of the Explanation of Sense and That of Pragmatic Information in Bilingual Dictionaries

作　　者：陶原珂[1] 

机构地区：[1]广东省社会科学界联合会,广州510050

出　　处：《广东外语外贸大学学报》2005年第B11期99-101,140,共4页Journal of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies

摘　　要：语用学要求区分词语的两种意义，我们称之为语义和语意。前者表达词语本身的意义，需要从词汇意义承统来把握：后者表达言语使用者使用词语所要表达的意义，需要从实际语境来把握。为了说清楚词语的用法，词典要提供一定的上下文语境。但是，由于词典解释的语义具有概括性，相应地，词典提供的语境是为解释有概括性的语义服务的，与实际表达语意的具体语境有别。由于存在两个语言系统的差异．在双语词典中，上下文语境解释和其他语用解释也要考虑到语义的概括性。对原语言与目的语之间存在的语用差异（使用者．对象、场合、语域和修辞色彩等差异）可以纳入系统语义差的范畴来认识和解决。为了加强对某些词语的语用解释，可以调整释义与释用的方式、结构和配置关系。在操作上，语义解释和语境解释可有多种分合方式，要相应处理好标示、释例与定义等的分工和配置。Pragmatics requires distinguishing two kinds of meaning, which we tend to call as ‘sense＇ and pragmatic ‘ meaning＇ respectively. The former concerns the lexical meaning, which needs to be comprehended in the system oflexical senses; while the latter implies what its user means by using the word in fact, and needs to be comprehended with a consideration of real context. In order to explain clearly how to use a word, a dictionary should offer certain context. However, because its sense defined by the dictionary has some ability to summarize, the context offered in the dictionary should be designed correspondently for explaining the sense with the ability, which makes it different from the real context in which a user uses the word to express his meaning pragmatically. Because of the systematic difference between two languages, bilingual dictionaries should take the summarization ability of sense into account as well in explaining contexts and other pragmatic elements necessarily considered when using the word. All pragmatic differences （included user, hearer, situation, register and figurative meaning etc.） could be recognized and settled as certain items in semantic deviation system. In order to strengthen the pragmatic information of certain words, we may adjust the relation between defining the sense and explaining the use of a word in their method, structure and allocation. In practice, there may be various cooperative ways between defining sense and offering pragmatic information, which require disposing suitably marks, examples and definitions correspondently.

关 键 词：语义 语意 语用学 上下文语境 语用差 法汉词典 英汉词典 

分 类 号：H06[语言文字—语言学]