语法隐喻·构式·类比映射  

Grammatical Metaphor,Construction and Analogical Mapping

作　　者：马玉蕾[1] 陶明忠[2] 

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学外国语学院,上海200240 [2]上海师范大学对外汉语学院,上海200240

出　　处：《外语教学》2007年第1期40-44,共5页Foreign Language Education

摘　　要：韩礼德等人认为语法隐喻通过级阶的转移,在扩大符号系统的语义潜势方面有重要作用。语法是人类经验的体现,我们对经验的阐释有两个方面:一方面是过程的体现,一方面是逻辑关系的体现。两个方面综合在一起说明了人们用语言对经验和现象的阐释。语法隐喻涉及到句式的级阶转换(rank shift),如从言辞列到言辞,从言辞到成分,从有过程的言辞到把过程看作物体的言辞。他们认为类比映射是句子级阶转换的基础,但并没有揭示出级阶转换和原型语法构式(prototypical gramm atical construction)的关系,也没有指出类比映射不仅是级阶转换的基础,还贯穿于整个语法构式。本文将结合构式语法的理论、概念整合理论和类比映射理论对语法隐喻加以认知意义上的阐释,说明语法隐喻也是一种语法整合,即某个(些)新的复杂事件的概念表征和某个(些)非一致式句式的整合,而语法隐喻中的句式投射反映了构建经验现象的类比模式。本文的研究表明,类比映射和句式投射是语法隐喻得以产生的两个重要的认知过程。韩礼德对语法隐喻的重新分类大大扩展了语法隐喻的概念外延,更符合人类认知的发展模式。但韩礼德对语法隐喻的重新分类尚有需要进一步完善的地方。本文的研究发现,“过程”内部小类之间的转换,即“过程A”向“过程B”的转换是语法隐喻的又一种不可忽视的类型。本文的研究表明,类比映射和句式投射是语法隐喻得以产生的两个重要的认知过程。韩礼德对语法隐喻的重新分类大大扩展了语法隐喻的概念外延,更符合人类认知的发展模式。但韩礼德对语法隐喻的重新分类尚有需要进一步完善的地方。本文的研究发现,“过程”内部小类之间的转换,即“过程A”向“过程B”的转换是语法隐喻的又一种不可忽视的类型。Halliday ＆ Matthiessen （1999） point out that grammatical metaphors involve the syntactic rank shifts, such as： （i） from figure to element, （ii） from sequence to figure, （iii） from figure with process to figure with process as thing. They also argue that analogical mappings underlie the syntactic rank shifting process. However, their approach has not revealed the relations between rank shifting and prototypical grammatical constructions. Moreover, they fail to see that analogy not only underlies rank shifting process but also underlies the grammatical construction on the whole. This paper incorporates some insights from Construction Grammar and Space Blending Theory to gain a deeper understanding of the interaction of construction projections （with the Causative construction as a case in point） and analogical processes in grammatical metaphors. The conclusion is that grammatical metaphors are also instances of grammatical integration： a conceptual representation of a newly conceived complex event （or sequence of events） is blended with an incongruent syntactic construction rather than with the congruent syntactic construction, and that the projections of constructions in grammatical metaphors reflect alternative analogical modes of construal of phenomena of experience. Moreover, the syntactic same-rank shift from Process A to Process B is another type of grammatical metaphor that the paper discoverers.

关 键 词：语法隐喻 构式 类比映射 语法整合 同级阶内转换 

分 类 号：H314[语言文字—英语]