熏蒸剂的使用受限促进气调技术的发展  

RESTRICTIONS TO THE USE OF FUMIGANTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUBSTITUTION WITH MODIFIED ATMOSPHERES

作　　者：Shlomo Navarro 方茜（翻译） 汪海鹏（翻译） 陶诚（翻译） 

机构地区：[1]以色列Volcani农业研究组织 [2]不详

出　　处：《粮食储藏》2007年第2期25-29,共5页Grain Storage

基　　金：首届粮食储藏技术与管理论坛

摘　　要：熏蒸药剂残留对食品、环境的危害问题使得相关标准制定单位采取措施严格限制熏蒸剂的使用。二十年前曾经使用的多数熏蒸剂如今已所剩无几。甲基溴具有较高效的杀虫效果,但是由于它对臭氧层的破坏严重,发达国家已于2005年淘汰使用,发展中国家也将于2015年之前淘汰甲基溴。比较而言,现今使用普遍的仍是磷化氢,然而近年来害虫对磷化氢的抗性问题显得日益严重。这些熏蒸药剂的种种局限,已经向食品企业提出了新的全球性的挑战,要求致力于寻找新的熏蒸剂,开发新的替代技术。目前,被提及的新的熏蒸剂有硫酰氟、氧硫化碳(carbonyl sulphide)、环氧丙烷(propyleneoxide)、甲基碘(methyl iodide)、臭氧(ozone)、甲酸甲酯(ethyl formate)和氢氰酸(hydrogencyanide)。硫酰氟被认为是很有前景的熏蒸剂替代品,可用来有效地保护储藏食品、食品加工设备免受害虫危害,而且还可以作为一种检疫用的熏蒸剂。其它一些新开发的熏蒸剂由于只对特定种类的储藏物品有效或在特定条件下才有效,所以使用的局限性很大。试验证明:具有挥发性的植物提取剂有较好的使用前景,但还需要大量的商业生产验证试验,而且在投入生产实践之前还需要一系列的认证程序。可成功替代熏蒸药剂的众多气体处理技术有:气调技术、高温结合气调技术以及进一步开发用作特定用途的高压二氧化碳技术。当前研究开发的是低压环境下的气调技术。这些研究证明气调技术很有市场前景,应当作为全球开发的新方法的一个典范。Concerns over the adverse effects of fumigant residues in food and the environment have led regulatory agencies to take actions by imposing strict limitations on fumigant registration. Of the long list of fumigants two decades ago, very few remain today. MB has a relatively quick killing effect on insects, but - because of its contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion - has been phased out in developed countries since 2005, and in developing countries phase out will take place by 2015. In contrast, phosphine remains popular, even though insects have developed resistance to it. These restrictions on the use of fumigants have posed new global challenges to the food industry, and have resulted in efforts to register new fumigants, and in the development of new technologies as alternative control methods. Among the newly considered fumigants are sulfuryl fluoride, carbonyl sulphide, propylene oxide, methyl iodide, ozone, ethyl formate, and hydrogen cyanide. Sulfuryl fluoride seems to emerge as a promising candidate fumigant for disinfesting stored food commodites, food processing facilities and as a quarantine fumigant. Other registered fumigants suffer from the limitation that may be useful for treating a particular type of commodity or for application in a specific situation only. The potential use of volatiles of botanical origin shows promise but requires both commercial scale trials and registration procedure before they can be employed in practice. Among the new gaseous application technologies that have successfully replaced fumigants are the manipulation of modified atmospheres （MAs） alone or at high temperatures, and high pressure carbon dioxide that needs to be further explored for specific applications. A recent development is the use of MAs in a low - pressure environment. These nicbe applications of MAs that have resulted in very promising application treatments with market acceptability, should serve as models for global challenges for new application methods.

关 键 词：熏蒸 甲基溴替代物 磷化氢 气体处理 植物性杀虫剂 气调 

分 类 号：S379.5[农业科学—农产品加工]