综论效用主义  

A Comprehensive Discussion of Utilitarianism

作　　者：盛庆(王来)[1] 

机构地区：[1]淡江大学管理科学研究所,台湾台北25174

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2009年第3期6-20,共15页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

摘　　要：效用主义的缺点可分为两类:一类为非效用主义者的哲学家之反对,从统合效用主义的观点来看,这些缺点或是对效用主义的误解,或是只限于某一种形式的效用主义;另一类是许多经济学家所感受到的困难,也是统合效用主义所能解除的或是极少实际存在的。从缺点和困难之来源,可将其重新分为三类,即由效用理论所引起的困难、由价值理论所引起的困难和由作为一种伦理学的效用主义所引起的困难。这三类困难都是可以解除的。统合效用主义的三项特色为:修正的VNM预期效用理论之特色、主观主义的价值理论之特色和统合效用主义作为一种伦理学之特色。效用主义有九项优点,其中七项是所有效用主义共有的,而第八、第九两项则是统合效用主义所独有的。修正的效用原则与行动效用主义的原则相似,但增加了三条但书。This paper discusses comprehensively the weaknesses and merits of utilitarianism. These weaknesses may be classified into two kinds： One kind is the objections to utilitarianism raised by non-utilitarian philosophers. This paper, from the viewpoint of my unified utilitarian theory （UUT）, argues that these weaknesses are either derived from a misunderstanding of utilitarianism, or being concerned with only one particular form of utilitarianism, rather than a general weakness of all forms of utilitarianism. The second kind of weakness is the difficulties felt by some economists, which can be removed or proves to be actually nonexistent in UUT. This paper, from the sources of the weaknesses, also reclassifies the weaknesses into three categories： namely, difficulties arising from the utility theory, difficulties arising from the theory of value, and difficulties arising from utilitarianism as an ethical theory. From the viewpoint of UUT, these three categories of weaknesses can all be removed. Further, this paper explains three features of the unified utilitarian theory, features of my modified VNM expected utility theory, features of my subjectivistic theory of value, and features of the unified utility theory as an ethical theory. Moreover, nine merits of utilitarianism are listed and explained, seven of which are common to all forms of utilitarianism, and the remaining two are particulars to UUT. Finally, this paper proposes a revised principle of utility, which is the same as that of act utilitarianism,except for three additional provisos.

关 键 词：效用主义 行动效用主义 规则效用主义 软线效用主义 统合效用主义 目的论 道德之灵活性 严格的道德规则 增量社会价值 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]