“仿拟”叙述与中国古代小说的文本演变  

On Text Parody in the Process of the Evolution of Ancient Chinese Novels

作　　者：杨彬[1] 李桂奎[2] 

机构地区：[1]东华大学人文学院,上海201620 [2]上海财经大学人文学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2011年第6期62-72,共11页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：当今各学科的"跨边界"研究主要从"跨文化"、"跨学科"、"跨文体"、"跨文本"四个层面展开。若从"跨文本"层面研究中国古代小说,"仿拟"叙述视角特别有洞察力。此之所谓"仿拟"叙述,特指后人以一种神遇气合的方式效仿或拷贝前期小说经典叙述片段或叙述话语的叙述方法,大致包括"袭拟"、"戏拟"等方法。以往,以鲁迅为代表的小说研究者在撰写小说史时更多地关注文体仿拟,而今从"仿拟"叙述视角观照小说演变则重在关注文本仿拟。通过这一视角,我们发现,号称"四大奇书"的《三国志演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《金瓶梅》在不断完善各自经典化的"源叙述"之余,还在自身及彼此间仿拟。明末清初,诸多人情小说除了向前仿拟"四大奇书"的经典叙述,还"仿拟"同时期流行的其他小说的经典叙述。这从《姑妄言》之着意仿拟《金瓶梅》即可见一斑。清代三大小说《聊斋志异》、《儒林外史》、《红楼梦》的作者更是善于转益多师。如吴敬梓《儒林外史》仿拟了包括唐传奇、《三国志演义》、《水浒传》、《金瓶梅》、《姑妄言》以及才子佳人小说等等多种文本,更遑论尚有《红楼梦》对《金瓶梅》的仿拟。就小说家而言,"仿拟"叙述是一种文本撰写策略,在古今小说文本演进中有迹可循;从读者方面看,"仿拟"叙述又是一种阅读经验,有助于人们对前后文本进行互动式的解读。The so-called ＂parody＂ narration is such a way for the writers of ancient Chinese novels to follow or copy the classical text fragments or narrative modes created before when they tried to write their own novels.It roughly includes ＂playful parody＂ and ＂plagiary parody,＂ mainly concerning the text parody of novels.With this narrative perspective,we find the ＂Famous Four Books＂ which includes The Three Kingdoms,The Water Margin,Pilgrimage to the West and Jin Ping Mei in the Ming Dynasty not only had being canonization by parody narration,but also used this narrative mode intertextualy.At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the begining of the Qing Dynasty,many human-feeling novels ＂parody＂the predecessors and the classical narration of their ages at the same time.The famous three novels,Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio,The Scholars and Dream of Red Mansions,are more skilled in parody.For the novelists,parody is one of the writing methods which can be identificated in the evoluation of novels from acient to modern times,and for the readers in all the times,the parody narration is some kind of experience of reading which can help them understand what they are reading from many aspects of the former texts and their latter ＂parody.＂

关 键 词：仿拟 互文 链环 叙述方式 文本演变 阅读经验 

分 类 号：I207.41[文学—中国文学]