重指:元语言的一种属性——从悖论和哥德尔不完全性定理说起  

Double Reference: A Characteristic of Metalanguage——from the Viewpoint of Paradox and Godel Incompleteness Theorem

作　　者：陈保亚[1] 陈樾[2] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心,北京100871 [2]四川大学数学学院,成都610064

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2012年第4期95-105,共11页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部基地重大项目"基于系统语音对应的核心词分阶及建模研究"(11JJD740004)

摘　　要：语义悖论和哥德尔不完全性定理都和语言符号的重指有关系。重指是不同层阶语言之间的循环指称。避免重指需要在对象语言和元语言之间进行无限分层,但语言的单位和规则是有限的,元语言的层阶不允许是无限的,否则会造成无限的单位和规则。元语言的层阶划分必须有限,这是一种协调原则,这样就必然产生循环指称或重指。重指是元语言符号系统的一种性质,是悖论和形式系统不完全性得以存在的语言学条件。复杂的语言符号系统一方面促进了复杂的思维活动,另一方面也因为重指的存在使高层面的演绎推理活动存在不一致性或不完全性。This paper analyzes the characteristics of symbolic reference of semantic paradox and Godel sentence. Semantic paradox and the incompleteness of formal system which is asserted in Godel incompleteness theorem are related to the double reference of language symbol. Double reference is a recursive reference between different layers of the metalanguage. Avoiding double reference needs to divide layers between the target language and the metalanguage infinitely. However, the units and rules of a language are finite, and the layers of a metalanguage cannot be divided infinitely. Otherwise infinite units and rules may occur. So the division of the layers of the metalanguage must be finite, which is a coordinating principle. Therefore, recursive reference or double reference cannot be avoided. Double reference is a characteristic of the metalanguage symbol system. It is also the linguistic condition on which paradox and the incompleteness of the formal system can exist. On the one hand, the language symbol system leads to a complicated thought behavior, and on the other hand, it leads to the existence of inconsistency or incompleteness in advanced deductive reasoning because of the existence of double reference.

关 键 词：元语言 自指 哥德尔 悖论 维特根斯坦 

分 类 号：H0-05[语言文字—语言学]