忠君与忠社稷关系辨——论明代土木之变中的士大夫政治价值观  

Loyal to the Emperor or to the Country: the Interpretation on the Scholar-Officials' Political Values during the Tumu Crisis(土木之变) in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：李佳[1] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学文学院历史系,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《求是学刊》2012年第4期154-160,共7页Seeking Truth

基　　金：国家社会科学青年基金项目"明朝国家祭祀的礼乐文化内涵与社会治理功能研究";项目编号:11CZS016

摘　　要：在明代土木之变过程中,士大夫群体劝阻英宗亲征,拥立郕王即位,复又力主以礼奉迎英宗还朝,这些行为含有效忠君主之意向,然皆是以社稷利益为政治考量的基点。由此反映出士大夫这一政治角色确有忠君之内涵,然其旨归不限于对君主个人意愿的服从,更根本的诉求还是将君主纳入社稷,亦即国家管理体系与利益层面,从整体着眼,以是否有利于实现朝廷的稳定与百姓的福祉等政治诉求,作为判断何种行为取向更具有合理性的依据,这是士大夫的核心政治价值观。在土木之变过程中,先秦以来社稷为重,君为轻的政治理念被反复强调,并成为明代士大夫群体意识形态中较为活跃的一种倾向,这种倾向构成支撑明中期以后士风趋向张扬的重要资源。从此而后,明朝臣下的谏诤之风陡然而盛,士大夫之君臣共治天下的政治理念趋于清晰。During the course of the Tumu Crisis, the scholar-officials advised Yingzong （英宗） not to go to the battle by himself, approved of Chengwang＇s （郕王） enthronement, then advocated welcome Yingzong come back to the Court with an impressive ceremony. These behaviors reflected the scholar-officials＇ loyalty to the Emperors based on the consideration about the interest of the Country. From this interpretation, we can see that, the scholar-officials in the Ming Dynasty indeed loyal to the Emperors, but not only to obey the Emperor＇s individual intention. They emphasized putting the Emperors into the Country, namely the management system and the interest of the Country. The core of the scholar-officials＇ political values is to take behaviors based on whether it is benefit to the imperial court＇s stability and the common people＇s well-being. During the course of the Tumu Crisis, the political ideas about the Country is important than the Emperor, which is originate from the Pre-Qin Dynasty, was emphasized again and again. These ideas bad became active tendency among the scholar-officials＇ ideologies in the Ming Dynasty. This tendency stimulated the scholar-officials＇ self-awareness during late Ming Dynasty. From then on, the atmosphere of the Ministers＇ dissuasion to the Monarch was more and more current. The political ideology of the Monarch and Minister administered the Country together was much more clearly.

关 键 词：社稷 君主 士大夫 政治价值观 明代 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]