“君子儒”与“小人儒”新诠  

New Explanation of "Junzi Ru" and "Xiaoren Ru"

作　　者：高培华 

机构地区：[1]河南省教育科学研究所,河南郑州450003

出　　处：《河南大学学报（社会科学版）》2012年第4期33-39,共7页Journal of Henan University(Social Sciences）

基　　金：河南省哲学社会科学规划项目"卜子夏考论"(2011BLS002)阶段性成果

摘　　要：《论语·雍也》:"子谓子夏曰:‘女为君子儒,无为小人儒。’"以往论者释儒,罕有联系子夏姓氏者,释君子有两种含义:有德者、有位者。进一步分析可说君子有四种含义。就已然性而言,除了以往所谓两种,还有第三种有德又有位者。第四种是孔子教育弟子君子应当如何如何,尚不具备已然性,就理想标准而言比较接近第三种含义。其实,无论两种还是四种,都是后人结合《论语》具体语境所作的分析,而在孔子心中和《论语》中,君子大概只有一种含义:有德又有位者;小人则是其反义词。儒在孔子时代,还是一种行业,这一行业包括承继了巫、史、祝、卜等王官知识技艺而以教师、治丧、相礼、占卜等为职业的所有术士。君子标准加上儒之职业性,就是所谓"君子儒"。子夏作为卜氏后裔、卜偃后人,出身于由贵族沦为民间术士而世代为人占卦决疑的贫寒之家。"女为君子儒,无为小人儒",是孔子针对子夏的出身,对其进行入学教育的要点。The earliest document to mention ＂Junzi Ru＂ and ＂Xiaoren Ru＂ is Yongye of Analects of Confucius. Previous scholars usually think ＂Junzi Ru＂and ＂Xiaoren Ru＂ have two specific meanings, while they scarcely associate ＂Ru＂ with Zixia＇ s family name. This paper proposes four meanings of ＂Junzi Ru＂and＂Xiaoren Ru＂ in details and finds that Junzi only means persons of status and virtue, Xiaoren means otherwise in both Analects of Confucius and Confucius＇ s mind. In Confucius＇ s time, Ru was still a profession, which included all kinds of Shushi who inherited knowledge of Wu, Shi, Zhu, Bu etc. and made a living from teaching, augury, making funeral arrangements, being masters of ceremonies. ＂Junzi Ru ＂ is a combination of being Junzi and Ru＇s professions. As descendents of Buyan, Zixia was born in poor families which fell from nobles to soothsaying for common people for generations. ＂You should be Junzi Ru instead of being Xiaoren Ru＂ is the key point of Confucius＇s entrance education for Zixia according to his family background.

关 键 词：孔子 子夏 君子儒 小人儒 卜氏家世 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]