刻板印象威胁效应的消除:干预策略及其展望  

Reducing the effects of Stereotype Threat: Intervention Strategies and Future Directions

作　　者：张宝山[1] 袁菲[1] 徐靓鸽 

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学心理学院,西安710062

出　　处：《心理科学》2014年第1期197-204,共8页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31200778);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金(12YJC190039);中国博士后科学基金特别资助项目(201104168);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(GK201102032)的资助

摘　　要：刻板印象威胁效应的产生主要受到情境线索、所在刻板印象威胁群体的集体表征及群体认同、信念和动机等个人特质因素的影响。本文以认同威胁模型为基础,针对影响刻板印象威胁效应产生的主要因素,分别从改善情境、改变认知图式和训练积极的内隐态度和动机等多个方面系统地探讨了干预刻板印象威胁可能采用的策略,主要包括提供对困难的外归因、提供角色榜样、启动积极身份特征、提供多重社会身份信息、鼓励自我肯定、强调智力增长观、训练积极内隐态度及重塑任务环境等。在系统梳理各种干预策略的基础上,本文还探讨了当前该领域研究存在的不足和未来的发展方向。A stereotype threat refers to an individual being at risk of confirming the negative stereotype of serf and their own groups. A stereotype threat usually comes from an individual negative stereotypie perception of self and the group to which he or she belongs. Ac cording to the Identity Threat Model of Stigma suggested by Major and OBrien, an individual in negative stereotype situation would expe rience potential identity threat, which would influence mental activities and behavioral performance via an alternative conscious or un consciousapproach. Identity threat would happen when an individual appraises the stereotype threat as potentially harmful to his or her social identity or as surpassing his or her coping resources. Possible personal traits that would influence an individual g evaluation to wards his or her own performance include situational cues, the group representation of his or her belonging group, motivation and goals. On the basis of Major and OBrieng Identity Threat Model, the present study orgauized the strategies from the perspective of improving situation, changing cognitive schema and training positive internal attribution, and systemically reviewed the possible strategies that could be useful for dealing with stereotype, including attributional techniques, role models of high achievers of the stereotyped group, deemphasizing stereotypic identity, providing multiple social identities, encouraging self affirmation, and refraining the task context, and so on. Although the above three coping and intervening strategies are all individual oriented and they are all effective in reducing or eliminating the stereotype threat effect, their working mechanisms work out differently. The schema based coping strategy is cen tered on controlling the negative stereotype situation, and the self based coping strategy mainly focuses on training the individuals＇im plicit attitude and motivation so as to intervene with the stereotype threat, while the situation based intervention can be regarded as a kind of e

关 键 词：刻板印象威胁 干预策略 图式 自我 社会情境 

分 类 号：B848[哲学宗教—心理学]